Good News for the Tolerant
-- Jonathan C. Gold
The Religion and Values department at Gallup recently initiated a new index
called the "Gallup Religious Tolerance Index," which will now be part
of Gallup's regular polling. To publicize this new initiative, Gallup
organized an on-line seminar led by Al Winseman who described the format of the
new index and some preliminary findings. The web seminar was March 25,
and I "attended" along with 60 or 70 other subscribers to Gallup's
web services.
Winseman and his team use five questions to categorize individuals into three
"levels" of religious tolerance: Isolated, Tolerant, and
Integrated. The figures show America today as 17 percent Isolated, 46
percent Tolerant, and 37 percent Integrated.
The least tolerant, "Isolated" individuals have a view that Winseman
describes as "my tribe or no tribe," believing that their faith is
right and others wrong. Individuals with a medium level of tolerance are
called "Tolerant," which is here described as a "'live-and-let-live'
attitude towards people of other faiths" that is "not a negative
view, but not a positive view" of other faiths. The most tolerant,
the "Integrated" individuals, not only respect other traditions but
"feel respected by them as well," and "actively seek to know
more about and from others of different religious traditions."
Once these categories were defined, Gallup investigated break out analyses in
order to determine the social and psychological "consequences"
(statistically speaking) of tolerance. One of Gallup's most significant
discoveries (if, in fact, it can be shown that this has not been smuggled into
the definitions of the categories) is that a higher level of tolerance is
correlated with a higher likelihood of membership in a faith community.
As Winseman writes, this suggests that "most faith communities are doing a
good job in promoting respect for other faiths." What's more,
Integrated individuals -- the most tolerant among us -- are distinguished as
being by far the most likely to be actively Engaged in their faith
communities. (Religious "Engagement" is itself a new Gallup
category summarizing answers to a separate group of questions.)
Life is better for those most open to other faiths. In answer to Gallup's
standard "Life Satisfaction" question, a full 47 percent of
Integrated individuals say that they are "Completely Satisfied,"
compared to a mere 35 and 36 percent of Isolated and Tolerant individuals,
respectively. When Winseman suggests in this context that people
"pay the price" for intolerance, he is mistaking a correlation for a
cause: perhaps satisfied people are more likely to be open to others.
Nonetheless, even this alternative possibility suggests that an intriguing
characterology lies behind these statistics.
To round out this characterization of tolerance, it turns out that the more
tolerant you are, the more likely you are to serve your community and to be
spiritually committed -- statistics that belie the paranoid notion that
learning about others undermines one's own faith commitments.
Whites are far more often Tolerant (48 to 38 percent) and far less often
Integrated (35 to 45 percent) than non-whites, while whites and non-whites have
an equal number of Isolated individuals (17 percent). Females are in
general far more tolerant than males, with only 13 percent Isolated as compared
with 22 percent of males, and 43 percent Integrated as opposed to only 33
percent of males.
The more education a person has, the more likely he is to be Tolerant, rather
than Isolated: this we would have hoped for and expected. But increased
education levels are also correlated with decreased levels of Integration --
suggesting that education teaches one to be tolerant, but does not teach one to
be outgoing.
Still, this way of putting it suggests that the index would more properly be
called the "Religious Integration Index." (We would not
ordinarily say that my wanting to be your friend would make me more
"tolerant" of you than my wanting to be left alone.) This
points to the reason academic institutions fail to promote the full measure of
"tolerance" that the index measures. Religious integration --
that is, the cross-fertilization of religious groups -- is innately an activity
of religious communities, not of non-religious academic ones.
One hopes that in upcoming studies Gallup will be able to break out these
findings into other relevant categorizations, especially age, religious
denomination, and geographical distribution. In any case, as global
events place religious communities into ever closer connections and
confrontations, these will be numbers worth watching.
Jonathan C. Gold is a Ph.D. candidate in Philosophy of Religions at the
University of Chicago Divinity School.
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