WPC~ 3?jZ=r3^oOiΌ4arp}Ӏ [c$ GϫcqF ]n*O'R6z.T$&:0bD?V`/ۑY U嶡&cOhjb:q! i(U{ zuoX_.!7 +$8RϡAm)#=4P' F!A$+-W852CYro;adaANe!@tdT̍j泽\S2# ﴏBʋssk&Z+xЈw^qiN;C t{P}ipx+l@O!@pAJEFGBH]KuLP/R!XY%Z!\0_daDhisjCkFmEoLpSpY>stnt 04Tu#!uNv Bv^ vw@v4w(w m*wUNAwAw5wxqyqyqyqyqyqyqy)9{b|}4}<6X9`("Courier 10cpiX($    (X!2$ T!   X$XXXӀ  0   O $  X]gXXXӀ  2    _ԀSeeCarolMoore,The_Davidian_ԀMassacre:DisturbingQuestionsAboutWaco  WhichMustbeAnswered1(1995).ForanoverviewofthetragedyatWaco,see  ArmageddoninWaco:CriticalPerspectivesontheBranch_Davidian_ԀConflict(Stuart  A.Wrighted.,1995);FromtheAshes:MakingSenseofWaco(JamesR.Lewised.,1994); w DavidB._Kopel_Ԁ&PaulH.Blackman,NoMore_Wacos_:WhatsWrongwithFederal d LawEnforcementandHowtoFixIt(1997);Moore,supra;DeanM.Kelley,Waco:A Q  MassacreandItsAftermath,FirstThings,May1995,at2237(alsoavailableat >  (lastmodifiedDec.6,1996)).Foratreatmentoftheconflictfromatheologicalperspective,seeJamesD.Tabor&EugeneV.  h Gallagher,WhyWaco?CultsandtheBattleforReligiousFreedominAmerica  U  (1995).  $  X-;XXXӀ  3    _ԀConventionontheProhibitionoftheDevelopment,Production,StockpilingandUseof  ChemicalWeaponsandonTheirDestruction,art.I(5),Jan.13,1993,reprintedin32_I.L.M._Ԁ800,  804(1993)( EachStatePartyundertakesnottouseriotcontrolagentsasamethodofwarfare.);seealsoInvestigationintotheActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcementAgencies w TowardtheBranch_Davidians_,H.R.Rep.No.104749,at6971(1996)(discussinguseand d toxicityofCSgas). $  X-;XXXӀ  4    _ԀSeeMoore,supranote2,at293.  $  X-;XXXӀ  5    _ԀSee_Sherri_Ԁ_Chunn_,GovernmentReCreatesWacoSiege,Chi.SunTimes,Mar.20,2000,at  27(notingthat_reenactment_Ԁwasorderedbyjudgetodeterminewhetheragentsshotat_Davidians_whowereattemptingtoescapefromfire). $  X-;XXXӀ  6    _ԀU.S.Const.amend.I.  $  X-;XXXӀ  7    _ԀSeeJoelF.Hansen,Comment,JeffersonandtheChurchStateWall:AHistorical  ExaminationoftheManandtheMetaphor,1978BYUL.Rev.645,656( Jeffersonapparently  feltthatsincethelegislativepowerhadbeensolimited,hispowerasPresidenthadbeensimilarlylimited.). $  X-;XXXӀ  8    _Ԁ5U.S.C.552a(1994&Supp.IV1998).  $  X-;XXXӀ  9    _ԀSee5U.S.C.552a(a)(1)(1994)( [_T]he_Ԁtermagencymeansagencyasdefinedinsection  552(e)[now552(f)]ofthistitle.).Section552(f)(1),inturn,defines agencyas: [_A]ny_executivedepartment,militarydepartment,Governmentcorporation,Governmentcontrolledcorporation,orotherestablishmentintheexecutivebranchoftheGovernment(includingtheExecutiveOfficeofthePresident),oranyindependentregulatoryagency.5U.S.C.552(f)(1)(Supp.IV1998). $  X-;XXXӀ  10    _ԀSeeinfranotes185192andaccompanyingtext. $  X-;XXXӀ  11    _ԀSee5U.S.C.552a(e)(7)(1994). $  X-;XXXӀ  12    _ԀFed.R._Evid_.610. i $  X-;XXXӀ  13    _ԀBoardofEduc.of_Kiryas_ԀJoelVillageSch.Dist.v._Grumet_,512U.S.687,696(1994)  (quotingCommitteeforPublicEduc.&ReligiousLibertyv._Nyquist_,413U.S.756,79293(1973)).Itshouldbenoted,however,that neutralityhasbeendefinedinmanydifferentways;moreover,thereisnogeneralagreementastowhethersuchadoctrineisevenmandatedbytheFirstAmendment.See,e.g.,Douglas_Laycock_,Formal,Substantive,and_Disaggregated_ d NeutralityTowardReligion,39_DePaul_ԀL.Rev.993,993(1990)( Awiderangeofcourtsand Q  commentatorscommonlysaythatgovernmentmustbeneutraltowardreligion.Therearedissentersinbothdirections"thosewhothinkthatgovernmentcansupportreligion,andthose + {  whopursueseparationtothepointofhostility.);MichaelW.McConnell,NeutralityUnderthe  ReligionClauses,81Nw.U.L.Rev.146,14849(1986)( Toinsistonstrictneutralityinall  casesarisingunderthereligionclauseswouldbewhollyinconsistentwiththedemandsoffreeexercise....)( Neutralityamongreligions...isasoundstartingpointforanalyzingreligiousfreedomissues.Neutralityisusuallythecoursemostconsistentwithreligiouslibertybecause,ideally,governmentactionshouldleaveuntouchedthepreexistingreligiousmixinthecommunity.);GeoffreyR.Stone,TheEqualAccessControversy:TheReligionClausesandthe >  Meaningof Neutrality,81Nw.U.L.Rev.168,168(1986)( Neutrality,however,isnotaself + { definingconcept.Itsmeaningmayvarydependingonthecontextandnatureoftheissue.). $  X-;XXXӀ  14    _Ԁ508U.S.520(1993). $  X-;XXXӀ  15    _ԀId.at534(citationsomitted).  $  X-;XXXӀ  16    _Ԁ_Laycock_,supranote13,at997(emphasisadded).Cf.CountyofAlleghenyv.ACLU,492  U.S.573,59394(1989)( TheEstablishmentClause,attheveryleast,prohibitsgovernmentfromappearingtotakeapositiononquestionsofreligiousbelief....). $  X-;XXXӀ  17    _Ԁ98U.S.145(1879). $  X-;XXXӀ  18    _ԀSeeid.at16167. $  X-;XXXӀ  19    _ԀId.at16667.  $  X-;XXXӀ  20    _Ԁ133U.S.333(1890),overruledinpartby_Romer_Ԁv.Evans,517U.S.620,634(1996). $  X-;XXXӀ  21    _ԀSeeid.at34148. $  X-;XXXӀ  22    _Ԁ136U.S.1(1890). $  X-;XXXӀ  23    _ԀSeeid.at4466. $  X-;XXXӀ  24    _ԀId.at6364. $  X-;XXXӀ  25    _ԀId.at4849(emphasisadded). N $  X-;XXXӀ  26    _ԀRichardA.Baer,Jr.,TheSupremeCourtsDiscriminatoryUseoftheTerm Sectarian,6  _J.L._Ԁ&Pol.449,462(1990).  $  X-;XXXӀ  27    _ԀCityof_Boerne_Ԁv.Flores,521U.S.507,530(1997)(quotingReligiousFreedomRestoration  Actof1991:HearingsonH.R.2797beforethe_Subcomm_.onCivilandConstitutionalRightsoftheHouseComm.ontheJudiciary,102dCong.334(1993)(statementofDouglas_Laycock_)).  $  X-;XXXӀ  28    _ԀSee,e.g.,Edward_McGlynn_Ԁ_Gaffney_,Jr.,HostilitytoReligion,AmericanStyle,42_DePaul_  L.Rev.263,27493(1992)(highlightinghostilitytoMuslimsandRomanCatholics);CharlesL.  Harper,ReflectionsontheWacoDisaster:TryingtoMakeSenseofInsaneEvents,inFromthe  Ashes:MakingSenseofWaco189,19293(JamesR.Lewised.,1994)( Whileofficially w neutralaboutreligiousdoctrine,thestateinAmericahashistoricallybeeninvolvedinthemostsevereconflictsinvolvingalternativeandminorityreligions.)(citingcontemporaryinstancesconcerningtheReverendMoon,theChurchof_Scientology_,andtheAlamoFoundation).  $  X-;XXXӀ  29    _ԀSeeLeeHancock,RangersReportDoesntResolveQuestionsAboutGunUseonLastDay  ofSiege:FBIhassaidCasingsCouldbefrom_ATF_,DallasMorn.News,Sept.13,1999,at  1A;NewFBIWacoEvidence:MarshalsImpoundTapesandFiles,Chic.SunTimes,Sept.2,  1999,at22(discussingdemandsfornewinvestigationfollowingFBIsadmission,aftersixyearsofdenials,thatagencyfired incendiaryteargascartridgesduringfinalassaulton_Davidians_). $  X-;XXXӀ  30    _ԀSeeMoore,supranote2,at46. K $  X-;XXXӀ  31    _ԀNancyT._Ammerman_,ReporttotheJusticeandTreasuryDepartmentsRegardingLaw  EnforcementInteractionwiththeBranch_Davidians_ԀinWaco,Texas58,inU.S._Dept_Ԁof  Justice,RecommendationsofExpertsforImprovementsinFederalLawEnforcement  AfterWaco(1993). $  X-;XXXӀ  32    _ԀLateCorp.of_LDS_ԀChurch,136U.S.at64. $  X-;XXXӀ  33    _ԀMoore,supranote2,at2.  $  X-;XXXӀ  34    _ԀStevenB._Roosa_,Note,RulesofEngagementforArmedStandoffsandtheLastFull  MeasureofDevotion:ShouldSeditionBeaFactorintheUseofDeadlyForce?,28Rutgers  _L.J._229,22931(1996).   w B 8   ` Ineachinstance,theideologyofthereligious/politicalgroupleditsadherentstoexpresslydenythelegalauthorityofthegovernment.Thesestandoffsplaceinboldreliefthedangerposedtotheintegrityofthecriminaljusticesystemwhenanunstatedcriterion...appearstogoverntheuseofdeadlyforceagainstgroupsonthebasisoftheirseditiousbeliefs.    Id.at23031. $  X-;XXXӀ  35    _ԀActs5:29.  $  X-;XXXӀ  36    _ԀWebstersThirdNewInternationalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,  Unabridged552(1981). P $  X-;XXXӀ  37    _ԀThomasRobbins&DickAnthony, Cults, MindControl,andtheState,inFromthe  Ashes:MakingSenseofWaco125,126(JamesR.Lewised.,1994). r $  X-;XXXӀ  38    _ԀSee_Orlin_ԀD._Lucksted_Ԁ&D.F._Martell_,Cults:AConflictBetweenReligiousLibertyand  InvoluntaryServitude?(Part1),FBILawEnforcementBull.,Apr.1982,at1620[hereinafter  Cultspt.1];_Orlin_ԀD._Lucksted_Ԁ&D.F._Martell_,Cults:AConflictBetweenReligiousLibertyand  InvoluntaryServitude?(Part2),FBILawEnforcementBull.,May1982,at1623[hereinafter w Cultspt.2];_Orlin_ԀD._Lucksted_Ԁ&D.F._Martell_,Cults:AConflictBetweenReligiousLibertyand d InvoluntaryServitude?(Part3),FBILawEnforcementBull.,June1982,at1621. $  X-;XXXӀ  39    _ԀCultspt.1,supranote38,at17. $  X-;XXXӀ  40    _ԀCultspt.2,supranote38,at19. $  X-;XXXӀ  41    _ԀId.at16. \ $  X-;XXXӀ  42    _ԀId.at20(citinganinstanceinwhichalargenumberofgunsandroundsofammunition  werefoundataranchunderthecontroloftheInternationalSocietyforKrishnaConsciousness).  $  X-;XXXӀ  43    _ԀSeeAffidavitofDavy_Aguilera_,_BATF_ԀSpecialAgent,Feb.25,1993[hereinafterAffidavit],  reprintedinActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcementAgenciesTowardtheBranch_Davidians_   (Part1):JointHearingsBeforetheHouse_Subcomm_.onCrimeoftheComm.ontheJudiciaryandthe_Subcomm_.on_Natl_ԀSecurity,_Intl_ԀAffairs,andCriminalJusticeoftheComm.on_Govt_ReformandOversight,104thCong.9961010(1996)[hereinafterActivitiesofFederalLaw  Enforcement(Part1)].  $  X-;XXXӀ  44    _ԀId.at2,3,9,10,13,reprintedinActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcement(Part1),supra  note43,at997,998,1004,1005,1008.8  Thislabelingactivity[referringtothe_Davidians_Ԁasa cult]beganwiththeoriginalaffidavitinwhichSpecialAgentDavy_Aguilera_Ԁconsistentlyusedtheterm"neveronceaffordingtherespectimpliedinalessstigmatictermlike churchor religion"andcontinuedunabateduntilthe_Davidians_Ԁwentupinflames.    JamesR.Lewis,SelfFulfillingStereotypes,the_Anticult_ԀMovement,andtheWaco  U  Confrontation,inArmageddoninWaco:CriticalPerspectivesontheBranch_Davidian_  B  Conflict95,100(StuartA.Wrighted.,1995).Itisalsonoteworthythat,inpredictable /  fashion,_Aguilera_ԀrepeatedlyreferredtotheMountCarmelCenterasa compound,ratherthanasa church.See,e.g.,Affidavit,supranote43,at8,13,15,reprintedinActivitiesofFederal   LawEnforcement(Part1),supranote43,at1003,1008,1010. ; $  X-;XXXӀ  45    _ԀSeeMoore,supranote2,at5658(notingthatprobablecause,inpart,waspredicatedon  religiousandpoliticalbeliefs);DavidB._Kopel_Ԁ&PaulH.Blackman,TheUnwarranted  Warrant:TheWacoSearchWarrantandtheDeclineoftheFourthAmendment,18_Hamline_ԀJ.  Pub.L.&_Poly_1,3233(1996)(describinginclusionof_Koresh_sprophecyaboutWacoas w  [_a]bsurd_);RhysH.Williams,Breachingthe WallofSeparation:TheBalanceBetween d ReligiousFreedomandSocialOrder,inArmageddoninWaco:CriticalPerspectiveson Q  theBranch_Davidian_ԀConflict299,315(StuartA.Wrighted.,1995)( [_T]he_Ԁsearchwarrant >  affidavitisfilledwithpejorativereferencestothecultanddoubtsasto_Koresh_sreligioussincerity.). & $  X-;XXXӀ  46    _ԀAffidavit,supranote43,at15,reprintedinActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcement(Part  1),supranote43,at1010.  $  X-;XXXӀ  47    _ԀId.at9,reprintedinActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcement(Part1),supranote43,at  1004.Thisconversationismostlikelyafabrication:8  TheaffidavitattributestoDavid_Koresh_ԀaquotationbyCPScaseworkerJoyceSparkstotheeffectthatwhenhistimecame,itwouldmaketheriotsinL.A. paleincomparison.Daniel_Wattenberg_Ԁnotedadifficultyingivinganycredencetothisstatement,sincetheaffidavitstatesthatSparkssvisitoccurredonApril6.TheTreasuryreporttidiesupthismatterbyclarifyingthatSparksmadeanothervisitto_Koresh_ԀonApril30,1992,which_Aguilera_Ԁforgottoincludeintheaffidavit.Conveniently,April30isthedayaftertheL.A.riots.Evenwiththistidieraccount,Iaminclinedtoviewthe_Koresh_Ԁquotationasaninvention....    Edward_McGlynn_Ԁ_Gaffney_,Jr.,TheWacoTragedy:ConstitutionalConcernsandPolicy   Perspectives,inArmageddoninWaco:CriticalPerspectivesontheBranch_Davidian_   Conflict323,33637(StuartA.Wrighted.,1995)(citationsomitted). , $  X-;XXXӀ  48    _ԀAffidavit,supranote43,at11,reprintedinActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcement(Part  1),supranote43,at1006.  $  X-;XXXӀ  49    _ԀPreparedStatementofRonaldK.Noble,UnderSecretaryforLawEnforcement,_Dept_Ԁof  Treasury1112,reprintedinActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcement(Part1),supranote43,at  824,83435.  $  X-;XXXӀ  50    _ԀId.at12,reprintedinActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcement(Part1),supranote43,at  835.  $  X-;XXXӀ  51    _ԀU.S._Dept_ԀofTreasury,Reportof_Dept_ԀofTreasuryonBureauofAlcohol,  Tobacco,andFirearmsInvestigationofVernonWayneHowellalsoknownasDavid_Koresh_(Sept.1993)[hereinafterTreasuryReport]. $  X-;XXXӀ  52    _ԀSeeid.at1. $  X-;XXXӀ  53    _ԀId.at1n.2(first,second,third,andfifthemphasisadded).  $  X-;XXXӀ  54    _ԀEventsSurroundingtheBranch_Davidian_ԀCultStandoffinWaco,Texas:HearingBefore  theHouseComm.ontheJudiciary,103dCong.(1995)[hereinafterEventsSurrounding  _Davidian_ԀStandoff]. > $  X-;XXXӀ  55    _ԀTheinvidiouscourseofactionascribedto_BATF_ԀandtheFBIbythesewriters,seeinfra  notes5657andaccompanyingtext,isconsistentwithconcernsvoicedabouttherapidmilitarizationoflawenforcementandtheconcomitanterosionofthefederalPosseComitatusAct.See18U.S.C.1385(1994).Foradetaileddiscussionofthisissueinthecontextofthe w Branch_Davidian_Ԁconflict,seeDavidB._Kopel_Ԁ&PaulM.Blackman,CanSoldiersBePeace d Officers?TheWacoDisasterandtheMilitarizationofAmericanLawEnforcement,30Akron Q  L.Rev.619(1997). >    Inthisregard,itwasreportedthat_BATF_ԀfabricatedstoriesoftheexistenceofamethamphetaminelabattheMountCarmelCenterinordertogainaccesstoTexasNationalGuardhelicoptersandtoreceivetrainingfromArmySpecialForcesGreenBeretsintheartofkilling, roomclearing,fireandmaneuver,andbuildingtakedown...[and]subjectsSpecialForcesareforbiddentoteachcivilianlawenforcement.Moore,supranote2,at99103 /  (quotingJamesL.Pate,SpecialForcesInvolvedinWacoRaid!,SoldierofFortune,May   1994,at3536). / $  X-;XXXӀ  56    _ԀPhyllisGoldberg,FBIUses CultsasBait,inFromtheAshes:MakingSenseofWaco  229,232(JamesR.Lewised.,1994). $  X-;XXXӀ  57    _Ԁ_Gaffney_,supranote47,at335.  $  X-;XXXӀ  58    _ԀSeeMoore,supranote2,at8990;_Gaffney_,supranote47,at335. V $  X-;XXXӀ  59    _Ԁ_Gaffney_,supranote47,at335(quotingTreasuryReport,supranote51,at35).This  rationaleisfurthersupportedbySpecialAgent_Aguilera_sinclusioninhiswarrantapplicationaffidavitofanincidentinwhichMr._Koresh_ԀplayedavideotapeforundercoveragentRodriguezthat portrayed_ATF_ԀasanagencywhoviolatedtherightsofGunsOwnersbythreatsandlies.Affidavit,supranote43,at15,reprintedinActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcement(Part1), d supranote43,at1010. $  X-;XXXӀ  60    _Ԁ_Ammerman_,supranote31,at1. $  X-;XXXӀ  61    _ԀSeeid.at2.  $  X-;XXXӀ  62    _ԀAccordingtooneauthor,CAN activelyurgesthepressandlawenforcementtoactagainst  anynonmainstreamreligious,psychological,orevenpoliticalmovementwhichitdescribesasacult....CANaccusessuchgroupsofsharingsimilarpatternsofmindcontrol,groupdomination,exploitationandphysicalandmentalabuse.Moore,supranote2,at44. w ComparePreparedStatementsofHerbertL._Rosedale_,President,AmericanFamilyFoundation d (_AFF_)andWilliam_Rehling_,President,CultAwarenessNetwork(CAN)[hereinafterPreparedStatementofCAN],reprintedinActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcement(Part1),supranote43, >  at24857,withFreedomMagazine,TheCultAwarenessNetwork:AnatomyofaHate + { Group(_n.d._)[hereinafterCAN:AnatomyofHateGroup].  h Ѐ  CANhassincedeclaredbankruptcyand itsnameandassetswerepurchasedbya  U  consortiumofreligiousgroups...intentuponreversingCANspreviouscampaignofprejudiceandintolerance.U.S.CourtofAppealsHandsDownLandmarkCivilRightsRuling,Freedom, /  July1998,at4,5.See(visitedMay13,2000);seealso   Scottv.Ross,140F.3d1275,1280(9thCir.)(affirmingonemilliondollarpunitivedamageawardagainstoldCANin _deprogramming_case),_rehg_Ԁenbancdenied,151F.3d1247(9th   Cir.1998). 5 $  X-;XXXӀ  63    _ԀJamesE.Wood,Jr.,TheBranch_Davidian_ԀStandoff:AnAmericanTragedy,35J.Church  &St.233,238(1993). $  X-;XXXӀ  64    _Ԁ_Ammerman_,supranote31,at1.  $  X-;XXXӀ  65    _ԀNancyT._Ammerman_,Waco,FederalLawEnforcement,andScholarsofReligion,in  ArmageddoninWaco:CriticalPerspectivesontheBranch_Davidian_ԀConflict282,  289(StuartA.Wrighted.,1995).  $  X-;XXXӀ  66    _ԀSeeStuartA.Wright,ConstructionandEscalationofaCultThreat:DissectingMoral  PanicandOfficialReactiontotheBranch_Davidians_,inArmageddoninWaco:Critical  PerspectivesontheBranch_Davidian_ԀConflict75,8889(StuartA.Wrighted.,1995);  FanningtheFiresatWaco:_Deprogrammer_ԀRickRoss,Freedom,Jan.1995,at14,14 w [hereinafterFanningtheFires].  $  X-;XXXӀ  67    _ԀSeeWright,supranote66,at89( AccordingtotheTreasuryreport,muchofthe  informationabouttheweaponswasbasedalmostexclusivelyonthestatementofoneformercultmember,DavidBlock.(quotingTreasuryReport,supranote51,at143));Andrew  Milne,TheCultAwarenessNetwork:ItsRoleintheWacoTragedy,inFromtheAshes: w MakingSenseofWaco137,138(JamesR.Lewised.,1994). d 8   ` Blockwaslaterinterviewedbythe_ATF_.TheinformationhesuppliedconcerningfirearmsallegedlystockpiledbytheBranch_Davidians_Ԁwasincludedinthesearchwarrantthe_ATF_ԀdrewuptoauthorizetheFebruary28raidthatprecipitatedthetragedy.Blocksinformationcontributedtothedecisionbythe_ATF_Ԁtostormthecompoundinsteadofnegotiatingwiththe_Davidians_.Blocksdescriptionofthe_Davidians_Ԁisboundtohavebeeninfluencedbyhis_deprogramming_.    Milne,supra,at138.  $  X-;XXXӀ  68    _ԀMoore,supranote2,at4546(quotingDarleneMcCormick&MarkEngland,Experts:  Branch_Davidians_ԀDangerous,DestructiveCult,WacoTrib.Herald,Mar.1,1993,at7A). $  X-;XXXӀ  69    _ԀId.at46. \ $  X-;XXXӀ  70    _ԀJamesPinkerton&LauraE._Keeton_,InfiltratingCultWillEndStandoff,ExpertSuggests,  HoustonChronicle,Apr.9,1993,atA1(emphasisadded).  $  X-;XXXӀ  71    _ԀSee,e.g.,FanningtheFires,supranote66,at16( [_T]oo_Ԁlittleattentionwasgiventothe  roleplayedbyCANinbringingaboutthatassault,anditsfatalconsequences.). $  X-;XXXӀ  72    _ԀMilne,supranote67,at139. ? $  X-;XXXӀ  73    _ԀJ.Gordon_Melton_,AFieryEnding,inFromtheAshes:MakingSenseofWaco253,259  (JamesR.Lewised.,1994). T $  X-;XXXӀ  74    _ԀInitsReport,theDepartmentofJusticeclaimedthat [_t]he_ԀFBIdidnotsolicitadvicefrom  anycultexpertsorcult_deprogrammers_.U.S._Dept_ԀofJustice,ReporttotheDeputy  AttorneyGeneralontheEventsatWaco,Texas,February28toApril19,1993,at190  (Oct.1993)(redactedversion)[hereinafterJustice_Dept_ԀReport].InaletterdatedOctober25, w 1993,RickRossassertedthatthisstatementbytheFBIwasincorrect.SeeLetterfromRick d RosstoJanetReno,AttorneyGeneral,_Dept_ԀofJustice1(Oct.25,1993)(visitedJan.10,2000).TheJusticeDepartmentReport,however, >  doescontainasummaryofRosscontactswiththeFBIduringthe_Davidian_Ԁstandoff.See + { Justice_Dept_ԀReport,supra,at19192. $  X-;XXXӀ  75    _ԀSeesupranotes6061and64andaccompanyingtext.  $  X-;XXXӀ  76    _ԀSeeLawrenceE.Sullivan,RecommendationsConcerningIncidentssuchastheBranch  _Davidian_ԀStandoffinWaco,TexasBetweenFebruary28,1993andApril19,1993,at3,4  [hereinafterSullivanRecommendation],inU.S._Dept_ԀofJustice,Recommendationsof  ExpertsforImprovementsinFederalLawEnforcementAfterWaco(1993). w 8  Incredibleasitmayseem,religionasanissuewasapparentlyaccordedlittleroomintheconsiderationofpolicyoractiontowardtheBranch_Davidians_.AtabriefinginMr.NoblesofficeattheDepartmentoftheTreasuryonAugust3,itwasreported,inanswertomyquestion,thatthe_BATF_ԀdidnotatanytimeconsultreligionexpertspriortotheirdynamicentryintotheWacocompoundonFebruary28.       ` ....8   ` Itappearsthatnoexpertinreligiousstudieswasaskedtoregularlyreview_Koresh_scommunicationsthroughoutthesiege,notevenhisfinalletters.    Id.at34.SeeLawrenceE.Sullivan, NoLongertheMessiah:USFederalLawEnforcement m ViewsofReligioninConnectionwiththe1993SiegeofMountCarmelNearWaco,Texas,43 Z _Numen_213,226(1996)(assessingagentsattitudesregardingrelevanceofreligionduringWaco G conflict)(highlightingthatneitherPresidentClintonnorAttorneyGeneralJanetRenoraisedissueofreligioninfinalbriefingsorpolicymeetings). $  X-;XXXӀ  77    _ԀSee_Ammerman_,supranote31,at1.  $  X-;XXXӀ  78    _ԀSeeScottv.Ross,140F.3d1275,1282(9thCir.1998)( Theevidenceindicatesthatitwas  CANspracticetoreferpeopleto_deprogrammers_,includingRickRoss,andthatRosswasknowntoengageininvoluntary_deprogramming_.).  $  X-;XXXӀ  79    _ԀSee_Ammerman_,supranote31,at1;NationalCouncilofChurchesSees   _Deprogramming_ThreattoReligiousFreedom,_Natl_ԀCouncilofChurchesRes.on    _Deprogramming_(adoptedFeb.28,1974),reprintedinCAN:AnatomyofHateGroup,  supranote62,at73app.A. $  X-;XXXӀ  80    _ԀThomasG.Whittle,ToBigotryNoSanction,Freedom,Jan.1995,at2,2. $  X-;XXXӀ  81    _ԀCynthiaKisser:TheMotheroftheSerpent,Freedom,Jan.1995,at20,21.  $  X-;XXXӀ  82    _ԀSeegenerallyJamesT.Richardson, BrainwashingClaimsandMinorityReligions  OutsidetheUnitedStates:CulturalDiffusionofaQuestionableConceptintheLegalArena,  1996BYUL.Rev.873(addressing brainwashingtheoryanditstreatmentinforeigncourts).  RickRossdescriptionofDavid_Koresh_Ԁisillustrativeoftheanticultcommunitysstereotypicalportrayalof cultleaders:8  Americamusttakealong,hardlookatVernonHowell,laterknowntotheworldasDavid_Koresh_,becauseamongcultleaders,heisnotatypical.Itseemstheyareallthesame.AsItravelthecountryanddelveintodifferentdestructivecults,Imeetthesamecultleaderoverandoveragain.Onlythenamesaredifferent.Theyareselfobsessed,egomaniacal,_sociopathic_Ԁandheartlessindividualswithnoregardwhatsoeverfortheirfollowers.Theyseekonlytheirpersonalaggrandizement,financialwellbeingandphysicalpleasure.Suchleadersexercisetotalcontrolovertheirfollowers.Thepersonalitiesofthoseadherentshavebeendismantledbysystematicbrainwashingtothepointwheretheleadersdesiresbecometheirown.    Lewis,supranote44,at99(quotingTim_Madigan_,SeeNoEvil:BlindDevotionand m BloodshedinDavid_Koresh_sHolyWarx(1993)).  $  X-;XXXӀ  83    _ԀSeeJamesT.Richardson,Cult/BrainwashingCasesandFreedomofReligion,33J.  Church&St.55,64(1991). $  X-;XXXӀ  84    _ԀSeeid.at69. $  X-;XXXӀ  85    _ԀSeeid. ^ $  X-;XXXӀ  86    _ԀSeeinfranotes8789andaccompanyingtext.Previously,theDistrictofColumbiaCircuit  heldthataplaintiffhad failedtoprovideanyevidencethatDr.Singersparticulartheory,  namelythattechniquesofthoughtreformmaybeeffectiveintheabsenceofphysicalthreatsorcoercion,hasasignificantfollowinginthescientificcommunity,letalonegeneralacceptance._Kropinski_Ԁv.WorldPlanExecutiveCouncil"UnitedStates,853F.2d948,957(D.C.Cir.1988),overruledinpartonothergroundsbyWilliamsv.UnitedStatesElevatorCorp.,920F.2d1019, Q  102122(D.C.Cir.1990). $  X-;XXXӀ  87    _Ԁ743F.Supp.713(N.D.Cal.1990). $  X-;XXXӀ  88    _ԀSeeid.at715.  $  X-;XXXӀ  89    _ԀId.at71620.ThesubsequentRICOactionbroughtbyboththesepsychologistsagainst  thosewhoopposedtheirtheorywassimilarlyunsuccessful.SeeSingerv.American  PsychologicalAssoc.,No.92CIV.6082(_LLM_),1993WL307782,at*12(_S.D.N.Y._ԀAug.9,1993). ] $  X-;XXXӀ  90    _ԀSeeCultspt.2,supranote38,at1617( [_S]ome_Ԁcultsarereportedlyusingmindcontrol  techniquestokeeptheirmembersinline.). $  X-;XXXӀ  91    _ԀFishmanwasdecidedonApril13,1990. $  X-;XXXӀ  92    _ԀSee_Ammerman_,supranote31,at3. $  X-;XXXӀ  93    _ԀId.(emphasisadded). $  X-;XXXӀ  94    _Ԁ393U.S.97(1968). $  X-;XXXӀ  95    _ԀId.at104,106(citationandfootnoteomitted). ! $  X-;XXXӀ  96    _ԀSchoolDist.ofAbingtonTownshipv._Schempp_,374U.S.203,305(1963)(Goldberg,J.,  concurring). $  X-;XXXӀ  97    _ԀSee_Ammerman_,supranote31,at12. $  X-;XXXӀ  98    _ԀSeeid.at78;seealsoinfranotes99104andaccompanyingtext. | $  X-;XXXӀ  99    _ԀSeeJamesD.Tabor,TheWacoTragedy:AnAutobiographicalAccountofOneAttemptto  AvertDisaster,inFromtheAshes:MakingSenseofWaco13,1517(JamesR.Lewised.,  1994). $  X-;XXXӀ  100    _ԀSeeid.at1618. L $  X-;XXXӀ  101    _ԀSeeid.at18.BecauseDr.ArnoldandProfessorTaborwereconvincedthatthe_Davidians_  sawthemselvesasbeing inthefifthseal,theywereparticularlyconcernedwiththe chillingimplicationsofRevelation6:911:  8   ` Andwhenhehadopenedthefifthseal,IsawunderthealtarthesoulsofthemthatwereslainforthewordofGod,andforthetestimonywhichtheyheld: Q  B Andtheycriedwithaloudvoice,saying,Howlong,OLord,holyandtrue,dostthounotjudgeandavengeourbloodonthemthatdwellontheearth?Andwhiterobesweregivenuntoeveryoneofthem;anditwassaiduntothem,thattheyshouldrestyetforalittleseason,untiltheirfellowservantsalsoandtheirbrethren,thatshouldbekilledastheywere,shouldbefulfilled.d   Id.at17. $  X-;XXXӀ  102    _ԀId.at1819. $  X-;XXXӀ  103    _ԀSeeid.at1820. $  X-;XXXӀ  104    _ԀTabor,supranote99,at21. $  X-;XXXӀ  105    _Ԁ456U.S.228(1982). $  X-;XXXӀ  106    _ԀId.at245. $  X-;XXXӀ  107    _ԀSee_Epperson_,393U.S.at104,106. $  X-;XXXӀ  108    _Ԁ494U.S.872(1990). $  X-;XXXӀ  109    _ԀSeeid.at88485. $  X-;XXXӀ  110    _ԀSeeSherbertv.Verner,374U.S.398,403(1963).  $  X-;XXXӀ  111    _ԀForthefulldevelopmentofthistest,seeid.;Wisconsinv._Yoder_,406U.S.205,214  (1972);Thomasv.ReviewBd.,450U.S.707,718(1981)( Thestatemayjustifyaninroadonreligiouslibertybyshowingthatitistheleastrestrictivemeansofachievingsomecompellingstateinterest.).SeegenerallyWilliams,supranote45,at310(describingcomponentsof w Sherberttest);_Gaffney_,supranote47,at344(notingthatSherbertcourtcombined two d standards"compellingstateinterestandleastrestrictivealternative"intoonenewtestfortheadjudicationoffreeexerciseclaims). $  X-;XXXӀ  112    _ԀSmith,494U.S.at895(OConnor,J.,concurringinjudgment)(citationsomitted). + $  X-;XXXӀ  113    _Ԁ42U.S.C.2000bbto2000bb4(1994);seeCityof_Boerne_Ԁv.Flores,521U.S.507,512  (1997). $  X-;XXXӀ  114    _Ԁ42U.S.C.2000bb(b)(1),(2)(1994). $  X-;XXXӀ  115    _Ԁ521U.S.507(1997). $  X-;XXXӀ  116    _ԀId.at519.  $  X-;XXXӀ  117    _ԀInadditiontothehybridrightsformulation,theotherexceptionnotedinSmithwas where  theStatehasinplaceasystemofindividualexemptions,itmaynotrefusetoextendthatsystemtocasesofreligioushardshipwithoutcompellingreason.Smith,494U.S.at884. $  X-;XXXӀ  118    _ԀId.at881. $  X-;XXXӀ  119    _ԀSeeid. $  X-;XXXӀ  120    _ԀSeeid.at882.  $  X-;XXXӀ  121    _ԀChurchof_Lukumi_Ԁ_Babalu_ԀAye,Inc.v.CityofHialeah,508U.S.520,567(1993)(_Souter_,  J.,concurringinpartandconcurringinjudgment).  $  X-;XXXӀ  122    _ԀW.ColeDurham,Jr.&Alexander_Dushku_,Traditionalism,Secularism,andthe  _Transformative_ԀDimensionofReligiousInstitutions,1993BYUL.Rev.421,450n.105.See  BertrandFry,Note,BreedingConstitutionalDoctrine:TheProvenanceandProgenyofthe   HybridSituationinCurrentFreeExerciseJurisprudence,71Tex.L.Rev.833,835(1993) w (hybridsituation presentsanexampleofthecurrentCourtradicallydistinguishingadverseprecedentinaneffortnottooverruleit,goingsofarastointroduceanewconstitutionaldoctrinefashionedfromwholecloth). $  X-;XXXӀ  123    _ԀDurham&_Dushku_,supranote122,at451n.105.  $  X-;XXXӀ  124    _ԀShawn_Gunnarson_,Note,NoConstitutionalShelter:TheNinthCircuitsReadingofthe  HybridClaimsDoctrineinAmericanFriendsServiceCommitteeCorp.v.Thornburgh,7BYUJ.  Pub.L.413,418(1993).  $  X-;XXXӀ  125    _ԀSeePeterM.Stein,_Casenote_,Smithv.FairEmploymentandHousingCommission:Does  theRighttoExclude,CombinedwithReligiousFreedom,Presenta HybridSituationUnderEmploymentDivisionv.Smith?,4_Geo_.MasonL.Rev.141,17273(1995). $  X-;XXXӀ  126    _ԀFry,supranote122,at861.SeeStein,supranote125,at175. $  X-;XXXӀ  127    _ԀU.S.Const.amend.IV(emphasisadded). W $  X-;XXXӀ  128    _ԀIllinoisv.Gates,462U.S.213,239(1983).Theresponsibilityofthemagistrateistomake  a practical,commonsensedecisionwhether,givenallthecircumstancessetforthintheaffidavitbeforehim,includingtheveracityandbasisofknowledgeofpersonssupplyinghearsayinformation,thereisafairprobabilitythatcontrabandorevidenceofacrimewillbefoundinaparticularplace.Id.at238. 6 $  X-;XXXӀ  129    _ԀEventsSurrounding_Davidian_ԀStandoff,supranote54,at135(emphasisadded).Higgins  testimonyregardingthetimeframewhenprobablecausewasallegedlyestablishedwasreconfirmedinhisJune1993responselettertotheChairmanoftheHouseJudiciaryCommittee:8  Thelastfactualpiecesofinformationthatweretobeincludedintheaffidavitfor_Koresh_sarrestwarrantwerenotobtaineduntilFebruary22,1993,duringourundercovercontactswith_Koresh_.    LetterfromStephenE.Higgins,_BATF_ԀDirector,toHon.JackBrooks,Chairman,HouseJudiciaryCommittee13(June17,1993),reprintedinEventsSurrounding_Davidian_ԀStandoff,  U  supranote54,at181,193. $  X-;XXXӀ  130    _ԀSeesupranotes4348andaccompanyingtext. Z $  X-;XXXӀ  131    _ԀSee_Kopel_Ԁ&Blackman,supranote2,at65.SpecialAgent_Aguilera_saffidavit  contained,interalia,thefollowingpassagesconcerningDavid_Koresh_spoliticalviews:  8  David_Koresh_ԀstatedthatSpecialAgentRodriguez[theundercoveragent]wouldbedislikedbecausetheGovernmentdidnotconsiderthegroupreligiousandthathe(_Koresh_)didnotpaytaxesorlocaltaxesbecausehefelthedidnothaveto.David_Koresh_ԀtoldSpecialAgentRodriguezthathebelievedintherighttobeararmsbutthattheU.S.Governmentwasgoingtotakeawaythatright....David_Koresh_ԀthenadvisedSpecialAgentRodriguezthathehadsomethinghewantedSpecialAgentRodrigueztosee.AtthatpointheshowedSpecialAgentRodriguezavideotapeon_ATF_ԀwhichwasmadebytheGunOwnersAssociation(_G.O.A._).Thisfilmportrayed_ATF_ԀasanagencywhoviolatedtherightsofGunOwnersbythreatsandlies.    Affidavit,supranote43,at1415,reprintedinActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcement(Part1),   supranote43,at100910.  $  X-;XXXӀ  132    _ԀSee_Kopel_Ԁ&Blackman,supranote2,at65.  0   ` Thekeyevidencein_BATF_ԀDirectorHigginssmind"basedonhistestimonybeforetheHouseJudiciaryCommittee"appearstohavebeen_Koresh_sreligiousviews,progunviews,criticismoffederalgunlaws,andhostilitytowardthe_BATF_,allofwhichareprotectedbytheFirstAmendment. (#(# Id.(footnoteomitted).  $  X-;XXXӀ  133    _ԀSee_Gaffney_,supranote47,at33738;seealso_Sgro_Ԁv.UnitedStates,287U.S.206,211  (1932)(evidencesuppliedmust speakasofthetimeoftheissueofthatwarrant).  $  X-;XXXӀ  134    _ԀSee_Kopel_Ԁ&Blackman,supranote45,at2529(notingthatmanyofthewitnesses  interviewedwereformer_Davidians_Ԁwhowerepersonallybiasedagainst_Koresh_).InIllinoisv.  Gates,462U.S.213(1983),theSupremeCourtstated:   w  8  Sufficientinformationmustbepresentedtothemagistratetoallowthatofficialtodetermineprobablecause;hisactioncannotbeamereratificationofthebareconclusionsofothers.Inordertoensurethatsuchanabdicationofthemagistratesdutydoesnotoccur,courtsmustcontinuetoconscientiouslyreviewthesufficiencyofaffidavitsonwhichwarrantsareissued.    Id.at239. $  X-;XXXӀ  135    _Ԁ490U.S.386(1989). ` $  X-;XXXӀ  136    _ԀSeeid.at395.Forageneraldiscussionofthepermissibleuseofforceinmakinganarrest,  see2JohnWesleyHall,SearchandSeizure22.32,at5258(3ded.2000). = $  X-;XXXӀ  137    _Ԁ_Gaffney_,supranote47,at340.SeealsoWright,supranote66,at76.  8  [_T]he_ԀagencyfailedtoinvestigatesufficientlythepossibilityofservingthewarrantstoDavid_Koresh_Ԁwhilehewasawayfromthechurchsproperty,thusavoidingthebloodshedaltogether._BATF_Ԁagentsdeniedthat_Koresh_Ԁhadleftthegroundsintheprecedingmonthsbeforetheraid,buttheTreasuryDepartmentsreportexposedthisclaimasacoverup.    Id.  $  X-;XXXӀ  138    _ԀTennesseev.Garner,471U.S.1,11(1985).Seeid.( Wherethesuspectposesno  immediatethreattotheofficerandnothreattoothers,theharmresultingfromfailingtoapprehendhimdoesnotjustifytheuseofdeadlyforcetodoso.). $  X-;XXXӀ  139    _ԀU.S.Const.amend.II. S $  X-;XXXӀ  140    _Ԁ_Printz_Ԁv.UnitedStates,521U.S.898,939(1997)(Thomas,J.,concurring)(quoting3J.  Story,Commentaries1890,at746(1833)).  $  X-;XXXӀ  141    _ԀSeeUnitedStatesv.Emerson,46F.Supp.2d598,600610(N.D.Tex.1999).Incontrast,  the collectiverightsschoolofthoughtreliesalmostexclusivelyuponthesubordinateclauseoftheSecondAmendment,namely, [a]wellregulatedMilitia,beingnecessarytothesecurityofafreeState,insupportofitsclaimthat therightonlyallowsstatestoestablishandmaintain w  militias,andinnowaycreatesorprotectsanindividualrighttoownarms.Id.at600. 8 $  X-;XXXӀ  142    _ԀAffidavit,supranote43,at15,reprintedinActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcement(Part  1),supranote43,at1010.Significantly,thearrestandsearchwarrantapplicationsand  supportingaffidavitwereriddledwithlegalandfactualerrorsconcerningfirearmslawandguns.See_Kopel_Ԁ&Blackman,supranote45,at1323. $  X-;XXXӀ  143    _ԀMoore,supranote2,at5354.SeeLuke22:3538. $  X-;XXXӀ  144    _ԀMoore,supranote2,at54. $  X-;XXXӀ  145    _ԀSeeSmith,494U.S.at881. $  X-;XXXӀ  146    _ԀSee_EEOC_Ԁv.CatholicUniv.ofAm.,83F.3d455,46667(1996). P $  X-;XXXӀ  147    _ԀCf.Wisconsinv._Yoder_,406U.S.205(1972)(combiningfreeexerciseclaimwithrightof  parentstodirecttheirchildrenseducation). 5 $  X-;XXXӀ  148    _ԀSeeAffidavit,supranote43,at79,reprintedinActivitiesofFederalLawEnforcement  (Part1),supranote43,at100204. $  X-;XXXӀ  149    _ԀSeeMoore,supranote2,at6061.  $  X-;XXXӀ  150    _ԀJamesMadison,AMemorialandRemonstrance(1785),reprintedinAmericanState  PapersandRelatedDocumentsonFreedominReligion112,113(4threv.ed.1949)  [hereinafterMemorialandRemonstrance]. $  X-;XXXӀ  151    _ԀId. M $  X-;XXXӀ  152    _ԀMichaelW.McConnell,TheOriginsandHistoricalUnderstandingofFreeExerciseof  Religion,103_Harv_.L.Rev.1409,1512(1990). 1 $  X-;XXXӀ  153    _ԀFlores,521U.S.at546(OConnor,J.,dissenting).Seeid.at564.  8  The[historical]recordinsteadrevealsthatitsdraftersand_ratifiers_ԀmorelikelyviewedtheFreeExerciseClauseasaguaranteethatgovernmentmaynotunnecessarilyhinderbelieversfromfreelypracticingtheirreligion....    Id.at549. $  X-;XXXӀ  154    _ԀId.at546. $  X-;XXXӀ  155    _ԀSmith,494U.S.at902(OConnor,J.,concurringinjudgment). $  X-;XXXӀ  156    _ԀSherbertv.Verner,374U.S.398,41516(1963)(Stewart,J.,concurringinresult). $  X-;XXXӀ  157    _ԀThomasv.ReviewBd.,450U.S.707,714(1981).  $  X-;XXXӀ  158    _Ԁ_Braunfeld_Ԁv.Brown,366U.S.599,612(1961)(Brennan,J.,concurringanddissenting).  $  X-;XXXӀ  159    _ԀDeanM.Kelley,TheImplosionofMt.CarmelandItsAftermath:IsItAllOverYet?,in  ArmageddoninWaco:CriticalPerspectivesontheBranch_Davidian_ԀConflict359,  368(StuartA.Wrighted.,1995). 0 $  X-;XXXӀ  160    _ԀId.Inthisregard,Rev.Kelleyexplainedthatreligiousgroups usuallyarenotpurposing  tobreakthelawasanendinitself.Butifthelawinterfereswithwhattheybelievetobetheirreligiousduty,theywilloftentakethestancehistoricallycharacteristicofreligiousrebelsandreformers....Ifthoseareoutlaws,theworldneedsmoreofthem.Id.at371. $  X-;XXXӀ  161    _ԀSeeid.at36869. $  X-;XXXӀ  162    _ԀSeeid.at369. $  X-;XXXӀ  163    _ԀId.at371. $  X-;XXXӀ  164    _ԀSee_Gaffney_,supranote47,at346,347. $  X-;XXXӀ  165    _ԀId.at347. $  X-;XXXӀ  166    _Ԁ395U.S.444(1969). $  X-;XXXӀ  167    _ԀSee_Gaffney_,supranote47,at349. $  X-;XXXӀ  168    _ԀBrandenburg,395U.S.at447. $  X-;XXXӀ  169    _ԀSee_Gaffney_,supranote47,at34849. $  X-;XXXӀ  171    _Ԁ406U.S.205(1972). $  X-;XXXӀ  172    _ԀId.at224.  $  X-;XXXӀ  174    _ԀThomasJefferson,ABillforEstablishingReligiousFreedom(1779), reprintedinThomas  Jefferson:Writings346,347(MerrillD.Petersoned.,1984).    By1789,moststateconstitutionsincludedfreeexerciseclausesthatcontainedsimilarprovisosrestrictingreligiouslibertyonlywhensuchconductdisturbedthepublicpeaceorimperilledthesafetyofthestate.SeeFlores,521U.S.at55257(OConnor,J.,dissenting). d AccordingtoJusticeOConnor,theprovisoswouldhavebeensuperfluousunlesstherightof Q   freeexercisewasconstruedasbeing generallysuperiortoordinarylegislation.Id.at55455.    Ontheotherhand,JusticeScaliainterpretedtheterms peaceand orderintheprovisosasmeaning precisely,obeyingthelaws.Id.at53940(Scalia,J.,concurringinpart).  Inaddition,hearguedthatjustbecausecoloniallegislaturesgrantedreligiousaccommodations _d[id_]notestablishthataccommodationwasunderstoodtobeconstitutionallymandatedbythe d FreeExerciseClause.Id.at541. Q $  X-;XXXӀ  175    _Ԁ_Yoder_,406U.S.at220.Seeid.(notingthat beliefandactioncannotbeneatlyconfinedin  logictightcompartments). $  X-;XXXӀ  176    _ԀMemorialandRemonstrance,supranote150,at113.  $  X-;XXXӀ  177    _ԀSee_Laycock_,supranote13,at1012( [_R]eligious_Ԁspeechandpoliticalspeecharethetwo  corecasesofhighlyprotectedspeech,andtheyshouldbetreatedequally.);Douglas_Laycock_,EqualAccessandMomentsofSilence:TheEqualStatusofReligiousSpeechbyPrivate  Speakers,81Nw.U.L.Rev.1,3(1986)( Thegovernment...musttreatreligiousspeechby w privatespeakersexactlylikesecularspeechbyprivatespeakers.);seealso_Widmar_Ԁv.Vincent, d 454U.S.263(1981);_Cantwell_Ԁv.Connecticut,310U.S.296(1940). $  X-;XXXӀ  178    _ԀFlores,521U.S.at56465(OConnor,J.,dissenting).  $  X-;XXXӀ  179    _ԀSee_Kopel_Ԁ&Blackman,supranote2,at335( Thepointof...reformsisnotthat  religiousgroupsareentitledtospecialrights;rather,_nonmainstream_Ԁreligiousgroupsaresuchanattractivetargetforlawenforcementpersecutionthatadditionalsafeguardsareappropriate.).  $  X-;XXXӀ  180    _ԀSeeLetterfromLauraMurphyLee,Director,ACLUtoHon.JackBrooks,Chairman,  HouseJudiciaryCommittee(Apr.27,1993),inFromtheAshes:MakingSenseofWaco245,   246(JamesR.Lewised.,1994). E $  X-;XXXӀ  181    _ԀPreparedStatementofCAN,supranote62,at5,6,7,reprintedinActivitiesofFederal  LawEnforcement(Part1),supranote43,at252,253,254.  $  X-;XXXӀ  182    _ԀPhilipB._Heymann_,U.S._Dept_ԀofJustice,LessonsofWaco:ProposedChangesin  FederalLawEnforcement10(Oct.1993).Cf.Wood,supranote63,at23940.  8   ` ThetragedyoftheBranch_Davidian_Ԁstandoffhadhardlycometoanendbeforetherewerecallsforagovernmentinvestigationof cults.Suchabroadgovernmentinquiryshouldberesisted....Todootherwisewouldbetoraiseseriousconstitutionalquestions....Governmentactionagainstareligiousgroupcannotbepredicateduponitsbeing_nonconventional_,unpopular,orsociallydisapproved.    Id.   $  X-;XXXӀ  183    _ԀSullivanRecommendation,supranote76,at12. $  X-;XXXӀ  184    _Ԁ_Kopel_Ԁ&Blackman,supranote2,at335.  $  X-;XXXӀ  185    _ԀPrivacyActof1974,Pub.L.No.93579,88Stat.1896(codifiedas5U.S.C.552a(1994  &Supp.IV1998));see1JustinD.Franklin&RobertF.Bouchard,Guidebooktothe  FreedomofInformationandPrivacyActs2.03[5],at227(2ded.1999). 8 $  X-;XXXӀ  186    _ԀSee5U.S.C.552a(e)(7)(1994).Foradetailedtreatmentofthisprovision,seeStevenW.  Becker,Comment,MaintainingSecretGovernmentDossiersontheFirstAmendmentActivities  ofAmericanCitizens:The LawEnforcementActivityExceptiontothePrivacyAct,5U.S.C.552a(e)(7),50_DePaul_ԀL.Rev.(forthcoming2000). S $  X-;XXXӀ  187    _Ԁ5U.S.C.552a(e)(7).Section552a(a)(3)oftheActdefines maintainasincluding   maintain,collect,use,ordisseminate.5U.S.C.552a(a)(3)(1994).  $  X-;XXXӀ  188    _ԀS.Rep.No.931183,at14(1974),reprintedin1974_U.S.C.C.A.N._Ԁ6916,6929,andin  SenateComm.on_Govt_ԀOperationsandHouseComm.on_Govt_ԀOperations,94thCong.,  2dSess.,LegislativeHistoryofthePrivacyActof1974,S.3418(Pub.L.No.93579),  SourceBookonPrivacy,at167(JointComm.Print1976)[hereinafterSourceBook] w (quotingHearingsBeforethe_Subcomm_.onConstitutionalRightsoftheJudiciary d Comm.,92dCong.(1971)(summaryofSen._Ervin_)).  $  X-;XXXӀ  189    _ԀSee120Cong.Rec.36,900(1974)(attributingremarkstoSenatorNelson,although  SourceBookidentifiesspeakerasSenatorMuskie),reprintedinSourceBook,supranote  188,at794.Forahistoryof_COINTELPRO_,seeS.Rep.No.94755,bk.3,at177(1976).  $  X-;XXXӀ  190    _ԀSection201(a)(13)oforiginalSenateBill3418readasfollows:  8   ` AnyFederalagency,Stateorlocalgovernment,oranyotherorganizationmaintaininganinformationsystemthatincludespersonalinformationshall"...collectnopersonalinformationconcerningthepoliticalorreligiousbeliefs,affiliations,andactivitiesofdatasubjectswhichismaintained,usedordisseminatedinorbyanyinformationsystemoperatedbyanygovernmentalagency,unlessauthorizedbylaw.    S.3418,93dCong.201(a)(13)(1974),reprintedinSourceBook,supranote188,at13,15.  U    InHouseBill16373,thephrase religiousbelieforactivitywasretainedthroughoutthe  B   evolutionofthebill.ThefinalHousedraftof552a(e)(4)containedthefollowinglanguage:8   ` Eachagencythatmaintainsasystemofrecordsshall"...maintainnorecordconcerningthepoliticalorreligiousbelieforactivityofanyindividual...Provided,however,Thattheprovisionsofthisparagraphshallnotbedeemedto d prohibitthemaintenanceofanyrecordofactivitywhichispertinenttoandwithinthescopeofadulyauthorizedlawenforcementactivity.    H.R.16373,93dCong.3(1974)(proposingnew552a(e)(4)toTitle5),reprintedinSource  h Book,supranote188,at383,385.  $  X-;XXXӀ  191    _ԀSee120Cong.Rec.40,406,40,881,reprintedinSourceBook,supranote188,at860,  988. $  X-;XXXӀ  192    _ԀSee40Fed.Reg.28,965(1975),reprintedinSourceBook,supranote188,at107374.  $  X-;XXXӀ  193    _ԀSeeClarksonv.IRS,678F.2d1368,137577(11thCir.1982);seealso5U.S.C.  552a(d)(2)and(3)(1994).  $  X-;XXXӀ  194    _ԀSeeSocialistWorkersPartyv.AttorneyGen.ofUnitedStates,642F.Supp.1357,1431  (_S.D.N.Y._Ԁ1986).Bywayofcomparison,thePrivacyActwasdesigned toprovideindividuals  withmorecontroloverthegathering,dissemination,andaccuracyofagencyinformationaboutthemselves,whiletheFreedomofInformationActwasintended toincreasethepublics w accesstogovernmentalinformation._Greentree_Ԁv.UnitedStatesCustomsServ.,674F.2d74,76(D.C.Cir.1982).  $  X-;XXXӀ  195    _ԀSeeJ.RoderickMacArthurFound.v.FBI,102F.3d600(D.C.Cir.1996)(allowing  retentionofrecordsregardingfoundationpresidentsassociationalactivities);Beckerv.IRS,34F.3d398(7thCir.1994)(expungingnewspaperarticlesandotherinformationbeingmaintainedinbrothersindividualtaxfilesthatrelatedtotaxprotestactivitiesofotherpersons);_Wabun_Ԅ_Inini_Ԁv.Sessions,900F.2d1234(8thCir.1990)(permittingretentionofphotographsobtainedbyFBIfromphotoshopwhereplaintiffbroughtfilmfordevelopment);Pattersonv.FBI,893F.2d595(3dCir.1990)(concerningmaintenanceoffile(s)onchildselementaryschoolproject);MacPhersonv.IRS,803F.2d479(9thCir.1986)(involvingretentionofnotesoncriminaltaxattorneysspeeches);_Jabara_Ԁv.Webster,691F.2d272(6thCir.1982)(pertainingtomaintenanceoffileonattorneyactiveinArabcauses);Clarkson,678F.2dat1368,afterremand,811F.2d  U  1396(11thCir.1987)(upholdingretentionofsurveillancereports,newslettersandpressreleasesaboutplaintiffsactivitieswithtaxprotestorganizations). y $  X-;XXXӀ  196    _ԀThisauthorhasbeenabletolocateonlytworeportedcasesinvolvingreligiousprivacythat  haveevencitedto552a(e)(7).SeePresbyterianChurch(U.S.A.)v.UnitedStates,870F.2d  518,526(9thCir.1989)(concerningcomplaintbychurchesthatINSagentssurreptitiouslyrecordedchurchservicesandBiblestudyclassesduringinvestigationofsanctuarymovement);American_Fedn_Ԁof_Govt_ԀEmployees,Local421v.Schlesinger,443F.Supp.431,435(_D.D.C._1978)(involvingobjectionstoquestionnairethatrequiredemployeestodisclosereligiousorganizationstowhichtheywereconnected). W $  X-;XXXӀ  201    _ԀS.Rep.No.931183,at57(1974),reprintedin1974_U.S.C.C.A.N._Ԁ6916,6971,andin  SourceBook,supranote188,at210. $  X-;XXXӀ  202    _ԀSeesupranotes4348andaccompanyingtext. $  X-;XXXӀ  203    _ԀSeesupranotes129132andaccompanyingtext.  $  X-;XXXӀ  204    _ԀSeeStuartG._Parsell_,Note,RevitalizationoftheFreeExerciseofReligionUnderState  Constitutions:AResponsetoEmploymentDivisionv.Smith,68NotreDameL.Rev.747  (1993);seealsoWilliamJ.Brennan,Jr.,StateConstitutionsandtheProtectionofIndividual  Rights,90_Harv_.L.Rev.489(1977).State_RFRAs_Ԁmayalsoguaranteefurtherprotections. < $  X-;XXXӀ  205    _ԀLetterfromThomasJeffersontoRev.SamuelMiller(Jan.23,1808),inThomas  Jefferson:Writings1186,118687(MerrillD.Petersoned.,1984). $  X-;XXXӀ  206    _ԀCityof_Boerne_Ԁv.Flores,521U.S.507,564(1997)(OConnor,J.,dissenting). $  X-;XXXӀ  207    _ԀId. I $  X-;XXXӀ  208    _ԀWaco:TheRulesofEngagement(TheFifthEstate1997)(statementofDr.Alan  Stone).SeealsoAlanA.Stone,ReportandRecommendationsConcerningtheHandlingof  IncidentsSuchastheBranch_Davidian_ԀStandoffinWaco[,]Texas(1993)(availableat  (visitedFeb.29,2000)). O $  X-;XXXӀ  209    _ԀFamilyofFloyd_Houtman_,ChristianHolocaust,inFromtheAshes:MakingSenseof  Waco215,21516(JamesR.Lewised.,1994).#|x <6X9`("Courier 10cpiXx6X@8;X@( T$  EPSON Stylus COLOR 9000 d&)c   D   D D  D [ D(7U(  Z6Times New Roman Regular + $  X-;XXXӀ  170    _ԀCf.McConnell,supranote13,at164( Freedominsocietyatlargeismostly  negative"thefreedomtobeleftalone.). $  X]gXXXӀ  1    _Ԁ319U.S.624,641(1943).  $  X-;XXXӀ  173    _ԀTheclaimthatgovernmentinterferencewithreligiousexerciseiswarrantedforconduct  thatindirectlyinfringesontherightsofothers,forexample,conductthatmayhaveafuture  economicimpact,isfartoospeculativetojustifyanintrusionbythestate.  $  X-;XXXӀ  197    _ԀSeePaulM.Rodriguez,FBIDatabaseMonitorsCatholicBishops,ProLifeGroups,  Insight,July17,2000,at6. $  X-;XXXӀ  198    _ԀId. $  X-;XXXӀ  199    _ԀSeeid. * $  X-;XXXӀ  200    _ԀId.Oneoftheentriesunderwhichgroupprofilesweremaintainedindicated: NOT  PARTICIPATINGINDIRECTACTION.Id. T!   _  X]gXXX8]gXXdd8 @  THEDEATHOFFREEEXERCISEINAMERICA:  @  THEFEDERALGOVERNMENTSLETHALASSAULT@UPONTHEBRANCH_DAVIDIAN_ԀCHURCHINWACO,TEXAS @" StevenW.Becker  a @2000StevenW.Becker0  Thosewhobegincoerciveeliminationofdissentsoonfindthemselvesexterminatingdissenters.Compulsoryunificationofopinionachievesonlytheunanimityofthegraveyard. (#(# 0   ` ItseemstritebutnecessarytosaythattheFirstAmendmenttoourConstitutionwasdesignedtoavoidtheseendsbyavoidingthesebeginnings. (#(#    `     h     "WestVirginiaStateBoardof  i    `     h     Educationv._Barnette_   1       V    OnApril19,1993,morethanseventymembersoftheBranch_Davidian_ԀChurchatWaco, X TexaswerekilledasaresultofatankandgasassaultconductedbytheFederalBureauofInvestigation( FBI).}   2      ׀ThisauthorwasoneofthemillionsofAmericanswhowatchedinhorror   onthatfatefuldayassmokebegantobillowfromtheruralchurchinthestrongTexaswinds.Atthetime,IwasunawarethattheFBIhadpumpedthechurchfullofagassodangerousthatit p  wasbannedforuseinwarbytheChemicalWeaponsConventionof1993,_   3      _ԀofwhichtheUnited  Stateswasasignatory.   4      ׀NorwasIcognizantofthefactthatfederalagentsmayhavedeliberately  shotatfleeing_Davidians_Ԁtopreventthemfromescapingthefieryinferno._    5      _ԀButtherewasone d thingIwassureof"IwasnolongerintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.̀ I.NeutralityTowardsReligion  h    TheFirstAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionprovides,inpertinentpart,as  H  follows: Congressshallmakenolawrespectinganestablishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof.... b    6      ׀Althoughthisprovisionwasspecificallyaddressedtothe   legislature,itsprohibitionswereappliedearlyontotheexecutivebranch.Forexample,ThomasJeffersondeclinedtodeclarethanksgivingorfastdaysduringhispresidencybecauseofhisconvictionthat,inapprovingtheFirstAmendment,theAmericanpeoplemusthavelikewisesoughttolimittheexecutiveinpublicpronouncementsregardingreligion.    7       d   Similarly,inenactingthePrivacyActof1974,    8      ׀Congressprohibitedexecutiveagencies_ }   9      _  fromcollecting,maintaining,using,ordisseminatinganyrecordsdescribingtheexerciseofreligious,   10      ׀orotherFirstAmendment,activitiesunlessthecompilingorretentionofsuch d informationfellwithinnarrowexceptions.    11      ׀ThecurrentFederalRulesofEvidencealsoreflect >  aseriousconcernoverthesanctity,andpotentialmisuse,ofreligiousbeliefsinthejudicialprocess.Specifically,Rule610states: Evidenceofthebeliefsoropinionsofawitnessonmattersofreligionisnotadmissibleforthepurposeofshowingthatbyreasonoftheirnaturethewitnesscredibilityisimpairedorenhanced._=    12      _     Itiswellestablishedthat,pursuanttoboththeFreeExerciseandEstablishmentClauses,thefederalgovernmentmust pursueacourseofneutralitytoward_religion.__    13      _ԀInChurchof Z _Lukumi_Ԁ_Babalu_ԀAye,Inc.v.CityofHialeah,    14      ׀theSupremeCourtremarkedasfollows:   8  TheFreeExerciseClause,liketheEstablishmentClause,extendsbeyondfacialdiscrimination.TheClause forbidssubtledeparturesfromneutralityand covertsuppressionofparticularreligiousbeliefs.Officialactionthattargetsreligiousconductfordistinctivetreatmentcannotbeshieldedbymerecompliancewiththerequirementoffacialneutrality.TheFreeExerciseClauseprotectsagainstgovernmentalhostilitywhichismaskedaswellasovert.    15      + {   Inaddition,indescribingthesubstanceofthe neutralitydoctrine,Professor_Laycock_Ԁstated: WhenIsaygovernmentshouldbeneutraltowardsreligion,Imeantoincludetheclaimthatit /  shouldnotexpressanopinionaboutreligion._O    16      _ԀAtWaco,however,thegovernmentnotonly   officiallyexpresseditsopinionregardingthetheologicalbeliefsofthe_Davidians_,butactedonitsprejudiceswithfatalconsequences.   A.HostilityTowardsMarginalReligiousMovements  G   Perhapsthebesthistoricalexampleofthefederalgovernmentsopenhostilitytoa_nonconventional_ԀreligiousgroupisthatconcerningtheChurchofJesusChristofLatterDay I Saints( _LDS_).Forexample,inReynoldsv.UnitedStates,   17      ׀theCourtupheldthe  constitutionalityofabigamystatuteagainstachallengethattheprovisionviolatedthedefendantsrighttofreelyexercisehisdoctrinaldutytopracticepolygamyascounseledbythe_LDS_Ԁchurch.}   18      ׀Insoruling,theCourtstated: >  8  Lawsaremadeforthegovernmentofactions,andwhiletheycannotinterferewithmerereligiousbeliefandopinions,theymaywithpractices.    8   ` ...Canamanexcusehispracticestothecontrarybecauseofhisreligiousbelief?Topermitthiswouldbetomaketheprofesseddoctrinesofreligiousbeliefsuperiortothelawoftheland,andineffecttopermiteverycitizentobecomealawuntohimself.Governmentcouldexistonlyinnameundersuchcircumstances.2   19          Similarly,inDavisv._Beason_,_   20      _ԀtheCourtupheldthevalidityofanIdahoterritorialstatute m prescribinganoaththatprevented_LDS_Ԁmembersfromregisteringtovotebecauseofthechurchsteachingonpluralmarriage.   21      ׀ !q   Inaddition,inLateCorp.ofChurchofJesusChristofLatterDaySaintsv.United K States,Q    22      ׀theSupremeCourtconfirmedthepowerofCongressnotonlytorevokethecharterof % the_LDS_Ԁchurch,buttoseizethelattersproperty,aswell.    23      ׀TheCourtsopenhostilitytothe  religiousbeliefsofthat contumaciousorganization,   24      ׀the_LDS_Ԁchurch,isevidentfromthe  followingpassage:8  Butitis...amatterofpublicnotoriety,thatthereligiousandcharitableusesintendedtobesubservedandpromotedaretheinculcationandspreadofthedoctrinesandusagesoftheMormonChurch,orChurchofLatterDaySaints,oneofthedistinguishingfeaturesofwhichisthepracticeofpolygamy"acrimeagainstthelaws,andabhorrenttothesentimentsandfeelingsofthecivilizedworld.NotwithstandingthestringentlawswhichhavebeenpassedbyCongress"notwithstandingalltheeffortsmadetosuppressthisbarbarouspractice"thesectorcommunitycomposingtheChurchofJesusChristofLatter /  DaySaintsperseveres,indefianceoflaw,inpreaching,upholding,promotinganddefendingit.Itisamatterofpublicnotorietythatitsemissariesareengagedinmanycountriesinpropagatingthisnefariousdoctrine,andurgingitsconvertstojointhecommunityinUtah.Theexistenceofsuchapropagandaisablotonourcivilization.Theorganizationofacommunityforthespreadandpracticeofpolygamyis,inameasure,areturntobarbarism.}   25      m   Althoughthisexpressionofcondemnationwasmademorethanacenturyago,theCourtspejorativeuseoftheterm sectisanalogoustothemannerinwhichtheprejudiciallabel cultisaffixedto_nonconventional_Ԁreligiousmovementstoday.Infact,onerecentcommentatorhaschastisedtheCourtforitscontinueduseofthediscriminatoryterm sectarianasasynonymfor religiousandhasdescribedtheCourtspracticeas judicialcussing._2   26      _Ԁ    Deliberatepersecutionbaseduponreligiousbigotry,suchasthatvisiteduponmembersofthe_LDS_Ԁchurch,maynolongerbeprevalent,_   27      _Ԁbutthatdoesnotmeanthathostilityto c! marginalreligionshasdecreased._    28      _ԀThemilitarystyleactionsconductedbythegovernment  againsttheBranch_Davidians_,however,haveagainplacedtheissueofovertreligious  persecutionbackonthefrontburnerofpublicconcern._!    29      _ d   FollowingthegovernmentsassaultatWaco,theJusticeDepartmentassignedoutsideexpertstoproviderecommendationsformakingimprovementsinfuturelawenforcementoperations."t    30      ׀Inherpublishedexpertreport,NancyT._Ammerman_,areligiousscholar,listedthe  B  followingcharacteristicsofnewreligiousmovementsthatsheconcludedtheBureauofAlcohol,Tobacco,andFirearms( _BATF_)andtheFBIshouldhavetakenintoaccountintheirassessmentoftheBranch_Davidians_:(1)suchgroupsareoften _millennialist_or apocalyptic;(2)they almostalwaysprovoketheirneighborsbychallengingthestatusquoanddefyingconvention;(3)theircommitmentsandfamilystructureareoftendifferentthanthenorm;(4)thevast majorityoftheirmembersjoinvoluntarily;and(5)thecharismaoftheirleadersisonly ^ maintainableaslongasthemembersgivetheirapproval._#   31      _Ԁ     Whilethesetraitshelptoexplainthepersecutionthatdissidentreligionshavesufferedfromsocietyasawhole,theydonotadequatelyaccountfortheopenhostilitythatsuchmovementshavereceivedonoccasionfromthefederalgovernment.Rather,thesingularcharacteristicthatmostinflamesthestate,andespeciallylawenforcement,appearstobeareligiousgroupschallengetothegovernmentsauthority.  Forexample,eventhoughtheSupremeCourtinLateCorp.of_LDS_ԀChurchexpressedits   disgustforthepracticeofpluralmarriages,itsultimatedecisioninjustifyingtheseizureof_LDS_propertyseemedtorestuponthechurchs constant[]attempt[]tooppose,thwartandsubvertthelegislationofCongressandthewillofthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates._$D   32      _ԀLikewise,the Z dayfollowingthefatalWacofire,Larry_Potts_,AssistantDirectorofthe_FBIs_ԀCriminalInvestigationDivision,remarkedbywayofjustification: Thesepeoplehadthumbedtheirnosesatlawenforcement.%   33      ׀Infact,onewriterhashighlightedideologicalrejectionofthe 8 governments legalauthorityasapivotalfactorintherecentviolentstandoffsatRubyRidge,Idaho,inPhiladelphiainvolvingMOVE,andatWaco._&   34      _Ԁ    ThisperceiveddefiancemaybecomeparticularlypronouncedincasesinvolvingreligiousgroupsbecauseoftheirsingulardevotiontothecommandsoftheCreator,oftenrevealedthroughtheinterpretationofscripture.InthewordsofSaintPeter: WeoughttoobeyGodratherthanmen.'    35      ׀ h  >     B.GovernmentsCharacterizationof_Davidians_Ԁasa Cult   h   Theword culthasbeendefinedalternativelyas areligionregardedasunorthodoxorspuriousanda greatorexcessivedevotionordedicationtosomeperson,idea,orthing.(    36      ׀In   popularusage,thetermhas thesensationalconnotationofanauthoritarian,mindcontrolling   movementinwhichconvertvictimsarementallyenslavedandcanbemadetoperpetrateviolenceandcrimeasordainedbyacharismaticprophetorguru.)b    37       X   Interestingly,morethanadecadebeforethegovernmentssiegeatWaco,theFBIrana threepartseriesintheFBILawEnforcementBulletinentitled Cults:AConflictBetween  \ ReligiousLibertyandInvoluntaryServitude?_*   38      _ԀTheauthorsmadeacleardifferentiation   between religiousorganizationsand cults:8   ` Religiousorganizationsareformedforthespiritualbenefitoftheentiremembership.Otherorganizationshaveadoptedareligiousdesignationinordertofallundertheprotectionofthefirstamendment,butareactuallyformedforthebenefitofonepersonorasmallgroupofpeoplewhichareknownascults.+   39      + {   Thisdefinition,however,isproblematicbecauseitleavesthecriticaldistinctionuptothediscretionoftheenforcementofficer;moreover,thecharacterizationisnotjustsemantic"itmaydirectlyaffectthemannerinwhichtheagencyapproachesthegroupinquestion.Accordingtotheauthors,becausecultmembersdonotexhibitloyaltytoareligiousphilosophy,cultshavea [_p]ropensity_Ԁ[_t]oward_Ԁ[_v]iolence_Ԁand[_l]awbreaking_,   40      ׀andoftenconsider m themselves abovethelaw.-    41      ׀Inaddition,theauthorswarnedthatcultsareproneto G  _paramilitarism_..=    42       !q   Adecadelater,inablatantdeparturefromtheneutralitydoctrine,the_BATF_Ԁaffidavit_/   43      _ K thatwassubmittedinsupportoftheWacowarrantapplicationscontainednumerousderogatoryreferencestothe_Davidian_Ԁassemblyasa cult._0D   44      _Ԁ_BATF_ԀSpecialAgentDavy_Aguilera_s  affidavitalsoincludedextraneousmaterialaboutDavid_Koresh_sreligiousbeliefs._1   45      _ԀFor d example,theaffidavititerated_Koresh_sconvictionthat theBiblegavehimtherighttobeararms.2    46      ׀Italsocontainedthefollowingpassageinreferencetoanallegedconversationbetween  h Mr._Koresh_ԀandJoyceSparks,anemployeeoftheTexasDepartmentofHumanServices:8  Shesaidthatduringherconversationwith_Koresh_,hetoldherthathewasthe MessengerfromGod,thattheworldwascomingtoanend,andthatwhenhe revealshimselftheriotsinLosAngeleswouldpaleincomparisontowhatwasgoingtohappeninWaco,Texas._Koresh_Ԁstatedthatitwouldbea militarytypeoperationandthatallthe nonbelieverswouldhavetosuffer._3   47      _>    Inaddition,the_BATF_ԀaffidavitrecountedthestatementofaformerWacomemberthat Howellwouldpreachhisphilosophy,whichdidnotalwayscoincidewiththeBible....4s   48        B    InresponsetocriticismthattheaffidavitwasinsufficientbecauseitcontainedimpropermaterialregardingMr._Koresh_sreligiousbeliefs,aswellastocomplaintsthatfederalauthoritieswere hostiletowardsreligiousinterests,RonaldK.Noble,TreasuryUnderSecretaryforLawEnforcement,claimedthat_BATF_Ԁhadgroundstofearthat_Koresh_Ԁwasprone toviolencebecause,interalia, hisrhetoricwasthreatening; hispreachingconcernedthe 4 approachoftheapocalypse;and hehadextraordinarycontroloverhisfollowers._5   49      _ԀNoble   concludedthat,ratherthanprovingahostilitytowardsreligion,thesefactorsdemonstratedthat lawenforcementcannotaffordtoassumethatunlawfulactivitiesarebenignmerelybecausetheyareassociatedwithareligiousbelief....6W   50       >    Noblescontentionthat_BATF_ԀharborednohostilitytowardsthereligiousconvictionsoftheBranch_Davidians_,however,isdirectlybeliedbytheofficialTreasuryReport_7   51      _Ԁissuedin  B  connectionwith_BATF_sinvestigationofMr._Koresh_.Infact,initsfirstparagraphalone,theTreasuryReportusedtheterms cultand Compoundnolessthanseventimes.8    52      ׀More   importantly,theTreasuryReportcontainedthefollowingnotation:  8   ` TheBranch_Davidian_ԀmovementwasstartedbyanumberofSeventhDay_Adventists_ԀwhobelievedstronglyinthepropheciesofthebookofRevelation.David_Koresh_,thennamedVernonWayneHowell,tookoverleadershipofthegroupin1987.TheCompoundresidentswereextremelydevotedto_Koresh_,andmanyapparentlybelievedthathewasthelambofGod.Inthecourseofthisreport,theReviewhasusedtheterm culttoreferto_Koresh_Ԁandhisfollowers. K ThetermisnotintendedandshouldnotbetakenasareferencetotheBranch_Davidian_Ԁmovementgenerally.TheReviewisquiteawarethat culthas % pejorativeconnotations,andthatoutsiders"particularlythoseinthe  government"shouldavoidcastingaspersionsonthosewhosereligiousbeliefsaredifferentfromtheirown.ThedefinitionofcultinWebstersThirdNew  InternationalDictionary(unabridged)includes: agreatorexcessivedevotionor  dedicationtosomeperson,ideaorthingand areligionregardedasunorthodoxorspurious.Inlightoftheevidenceoftheconductof_Koresh_Ԁandhisfollowerssetoutinthisreport,theReviewfinds culttobeanaptcharacterization.9   53         ThispassagemakesclearthattheTreasuryDepartmentsderisionofthebeliefsoftheWacoBranch_Davidians_Ԁwasintentional.Unfortunately,eventhecongressionalcommitteeinvestigatingtheTexassiegefellintothetrapofusingtheterm cultindescribingthesubjectmatterofitsApril28,1993hearing: EventsSurroundingtheBranch_Davidian_ԀCultStandoffinWaco,Texas._:}   54      _     Finally,severalwritershavealludedtoamoremalevolentmotivebehindlawenforcementsbrandingofthe_Davidians_Ԁasa cult._;    55      _ԀOneauthorboldlyasserted:  8   ` TheFBIwasntattemptingtodefusethesituationthattheBureauof Z Alcohol,Tobacco,andFirearmsprovokedinFebruary.No.TheAgencywastryingsomethingout,onpeopletheyhadreasontothinknoonewouldgiveadamnabout"justsome cult.IthadlesstodowiththeBranch_Davidians_Ԁand !q moretodowithestablishingwhatkindsofdirectactiontheU.S.governmentanditsagenciescouldgetawaywithonceagrouphadbeenidentifiedas extremistora cult.<   56         Similarly,Professor_Gaffney_Ԁpointedtoa moresinisterrationaleunderlying_BATF_smassiveassaultuponthe_Davidians_,namely, thatthe_BATF_Ԁwashappytogoafter_Koresh_Ԁandhiscommunitypreciselybecausetheyweresovulnerableasreligiouscrazies._=j   57      _ԀOther  h explanationsforthelackofproportionalityin_BATF_sinitialconfrontationwiththe_Davidians_include_BATF_sdesiretocreateasensationalraidinanattempttobothrepairitstarnishedimageandavoidimpendingbudgetcutsbytheSenateAppropriationssubcommittee,_>   58      _Ԁaswellas   toexactrevengeuponMr._Koresh_Ԁforhischaracterizationof_BATF_Ԁasan evilagency.?   59      ׀    Inshort,regardlessoftheparticularmotivation(s)underlyingtheactionsof_BATF_ԀandtheFBIatWaco,lawenforcementsconductinofficiallylabelingtheBranch_Davidians_Ԁasa cultandin_using_ԀthisderisivedesignationtoobtainwarrantsandtoimpugnthesincerityandrationalityofthegroupsreligiousbeliefsviolatedtheneutralitydoctrinecontainedintheFirstAmendment.     C.GovernmentsRelianceUponAntiReligious CultExperts     InherrecommendationtotheJusticeandTreasuryDepartments,Professor_Ammerman_highlightedthecriticalfactthat,priortoits dynamicentryattheMountCarmelCenter,_BATF_failedtoconsultwithanyoutsideauthorityintheareaof religiousstudies,sociologyofreligion,orpsychologyofreligion._@   60      _ԀSimilarly,shepointedoutthattheFBIfailedtoconfer  f withasinglerecognizedexpertwhowasfamiliarwithmarginalreligiousmovements.A}   61      ׀Instead,  @  boththeselawenforcementbureauswereguidedbytherhetoricofsuch anticultorganizationsastheCultAwarenessNetworkB2   62      ׀( CAN):   8  Governmentagencieswoulddowellnottorely,astheydidinthecaseofBranch_Davidians_,onsocalled cultexpertsand_deprogrammers_Ԁwhoseonepurposeistodiscreditthereligiousclaimsof_nonconventional_Ԁandunpopularreligiousgroupsandtherebypromoteintoleranceanddiscriminationtowardthem.TherepeatedreferencesinthepressandthemediaatlargetomembersoftheCultAwarenessNetwork(CAN)as expertswasmisleadingandunfortunate.The o factisthatmembersoftheCultAwarenessNetworkhaveahistoryofpersecutionofmembersofgroupstheydeemtobe cults._C   63      _     Inherreport,Professor_Ammerman_ԀreferredspecificallytoCANanditsassociates:8   ` IntheirattempttobuildacaseagainsttheBranch_Davidians_,_BATF_Ԁdidinterviewpersonswhowereformermembersofthegroupandatleastonepersonwhohad _deprogrammed_agroupmember.Mr.RickRoss,whooftenworksinconjunctionwiththeCultAwarenessNetwork(CAN),hasbeenquotedassayingthathewas consultedbythe_BATF_....TheNetworkandMr.Rosshaveadirectideological(andfinancial)interestinarousingsuspicionandantagonismagainstwhattheycall cults.ThesesamepersonsseemtohavebeenmajorsourcesfortheseriesofstoriesrunbytheWaconewspaper,beginningFebruary27.Itseemsclearthatpeoplewithinthe anticultcommunityhadtargetedtheBranch_Davidians_Ԁforattention._Dj   64      _    Professor_Ammerman_ԀfurthernotedthatRoss apparentlyhadthemostextensiveaccesstobothagenciesofanypersononthecultexpertlistandwaslistenedtomoreattentively.The_BATF_interviewedthepersonshedirectedthemtoandevidentlyusedinformationfromthoseinte