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Compulsory unification of opinion achieves only the unanimity of the graveyard.@CdPIdtFSEnd+H HAT A@D@CcSEndH HAT*\A@D@C\@C\@C\@CHI OIt seems trite but necessary to say that the First Amendment to our Constitution was designed to avoid these ends by avoiding these beginnings.F @CdPIdtFSEnd+H HAT A@D@CcSEndP@ /HA@D@C\@C\@C\@CHN @CHWest Virginia State Board of@CHF @CH Education v. @CB@ @ @ Barnette@CHG,@CdPSpcF SEnd !''yk@h@Story'_"""I F!HB@@  @B@@ @PQTPSpcF%SEnd#$r* @AutoBulletFtn0K! H$ :#&: @GFootnote@Y@A@`@)@@@R*H '+7!qk@h@Story+!W((&( &'X@PQSSEnd*#c' P +-V 8RM8@@Story7'W..&5,WU5HR+.v  &+HH 319 HB@ @ @ GU.S.HH 624, 641 (1943).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF3SEnd/ ,]5 E,Ho6S <Fv@m!AQJPD9P @ SuperTableJ7S@ ! XQ@ s7.C'88k@R6 @ @ SuperTable8+:8H +7R; @@DivisionFootnoteC7P@BffB WB @E;9 =9 ?]@ @ FnCellStyleQ`H@@@PP0@E;6H@EFnCell%y@#:$r9A;GF<K6j!@@BQJ0PE<9H @GFootnoteJ8*@ !<^; 6i H@BQJ0EF;H@FnContinuedFromJC>qy@ @Z? XQ@ C/I7qk@R<(A@StoryI8WDD&D> &CContinued from previous page...TPAlnFESEndF[r;s6i H@BQJpEK<H@ FnContinuedOnJI>qy@ @Z? XQ@ I,rCqk@RF(!@StoryVCWJJ&J8 &IContinued on next page...TPAlnFESEnd;K5`wMM;l!@@@PP0@EMFH@BRowY X=M.Kj @@PE`KH@EFnCellM+9*#P4THHAT*\A@D @CdPSpcF SEndTP@JJHA@D@C\@CH;On April 19, 1993, more than seventy members of the Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidian@CH Church at @CB@ @ @ Waco,@CHz Texas were killed as a result of a tank and gas assault conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (A JFBIA N).@CHGW@CON This author was one of the millions of Americans who watched in horror on that fateful day as smoke began to billow from the rural church in the strong Texas winds. At the time, I was unaware that the FBI had pumped the church full of a gas so dangerous that it was banned for use in war by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993,@CHGe@CH, of which the United States was a signatory.@CHGs@CH\ Nor was I cognizant of the fact that federal agents may have deliberately shot at fleeing @CB@ @ @ Davidians@CH1 to prevent them from escaping the fiery inferno.@CHG@CH% But there was one thing I was sure @CB@ @ @ AofA MI@CH2 was no longer in the United States of America. @CdPSpcF SEnd V/d+s8Ra8@@StorydIWYY&5We, U5TH@BVY  &VHHE  @HGSee @HE  @HCarol  @B@ @ @ Moore @B@ @ @ E, @HE  @HThe  @B@ @ @ Davidian @H& Massacre: Disturbing Questions About  @B@ @ @ Waco @H Which Must be Answered @H. 1 (1995). For an overview of the tragedy at  @B@ @ @ Waco, @H see  @HArmageddon in  @B@ @ @ Waco: @H% Critical Perspectives on the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidian @H Conflict @HE  @B@ @ @ (Stuart @H A.  @B@ @ @ Wright @H ed., 1995);  @H From the Ashes: Making Sense of  @B@ @ @ Waco @H (James R.  @B@ @ @ Lewis @H ed., 1994);  @H David B.  @B@ @ @ Kopel @H & Paul H.  @B@ @ @ Blackman @B@ @ @ E, @HE  @HNo More  @B@ @ @ Wacos: @H@D WhatA Os Wrong with Federal Law Enforcement and How to Fix It @H (1997);  @B@ @ @ Moore @B@ @ @ E, @HE @Hsupra @H; Dean M. Kelley, @B@ @ @ Waco:@H A Massacre and Its Aftermath @HF,  @H First Things @H, May 1995, at 22 @BP E- @H37 (also available at  @B@ @ @ 8 @He (last modified Dec. 6, 1996)). For a treatment of the conflict from a theological perspective, see  @HJames D. Tabor & Eugene V.  @B@ @ @ Gallagher @B@ @ @ E, @HE  @H Why  @B@ @ @ Waco? @H7 Cults and the Battle for Religious Freedom in America @H (1995). TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF^SEndZ vhW;`8nKaa;l!@@@PP0@EaMH@BRowHA X=a1`j @@PEn`H@EFnCellMV9*  d/rVs8Ro8@@StoryrVWgg&5esW U5TH@Bdg Z &{dCHH Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, art. I(5), Jan. 13, 1993,  @H reprinted in @H 32  @B@ @ @ I.L.M. @Hq 800, 804 (1993) (A OEach State Party undertakes not to use riot control agents as a method of warfare.A O);  @Hsee also @HE  @HXInvestigation into the Activities of Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Toward the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidians @B@ @ @ E, @HE  @H H.R. Rep. No. @H 104 @BP E- @H 749, at 69 @BP E- @H271 (1996) (discussing use and toxicity of CS gas).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFlSEndh Zve;n8|`oo;l!@@@PP0@EoaH@BRowHA X=o1nj @@PE|nH@EFnCellMd9*  r/ds8R}8@@StorydWuu&5se U5TH@Bru  &rHHE  @HGSee @HE  @B@ @ @ Moore @B@ @ @ E, @HE @Hsupra @H note 2, at 293.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFzSEndv hs;|8n}};l!@@@PP0@E}oH@BRowHA H=}1|j @@PE|H@EFnCellMr9*  /rs8R8@@StoryrW&5s U5TH@B;  &HHE  @HGSee @HE  @B@ @ @ Sherri @HE  @B@ @ @ Chunn, @HE  @H Government  @B@ @ @ FRe @B@ @"@ E- @B@ @ @ Creates @HE  @B@ @ @ Waco @H Siege @HF,  @HChi. Sun @BP E- @HTimes @Hi, Mar. 20, 2000, at 27 (noting that reenactment was ordered by judge to determine whether agents shot at  @B@ @ @ Davidians @H* who were attempting to escape from fire).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd vs;8|;l!@@@PP0@E}H@BRowHA H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* THHATA@D@CHE  @CHI. @CHNeutrality Towards Religion @CdPSpcF SEnd@ HA@D@C\@CHۿThe First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides, in pertinent part, as follows: A OCongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . . . .F @CHG@CO Although this provision was specifically addressed to the legislature, its prohibitions were applied early on to the executive branch. For example, Thomas Jefferson declined to declare thanksgiving or fast days during his presidency because of his conviction that, in approving the First Amendment, the American people must have likewise sought to limit the executive in public pronouncements regarding religion.@CHG@CdPSpcF SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@B  &HHE @B@ @ @ U.S.@HE @B@ @ @ Const.@H amend. I.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd v;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHA =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9*  /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@B  &HHE  @HGSee @H Joel F.  @B@ @ @ Hansen, @H Comment,  @HJefferson and the Church @BP E- @H@State Wall: A Historical Examination of the Man and the MetaphorĂ @H, 1978  @B@ @ @ GBYU @H L. Rev. @H 645, 656 (A OJefferson apparently felt that since the legislative power had been so limited, his power as President had been similarly limited.A K).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd s;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHA =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* @JJHA@D@C\@CH/Similarly, in enacting the Privacy Act of 1974,@CHG@CH' Congress prohibited executive agencies@CHG@CHh from collecting, maintaining, using, or disseminating any records describing the exercise of religious,@CHG@CHz or other First Amendment, activities unless the compiling or retention of such information fell within narrow exceptions.@CHG@CO The current Federal Rules of Evidence also reflect a serious concern over the sanctity, and potential misuse, of religious beliefs in the judicial process. Specifically, Rule 610 states: A OEvidence of the beliefs or opinions of a witness on matters of religion is not admissible for the purpose of showing that by reason of their nature the witnessA O credibility is impaired or enhanced.F @CHG@CdPSpcF SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@B  &HHF 5 HB@ @ @ U.S.C.HH 552a (1994 & HB@ @ @ Supp.HH IV 1998).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd v;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHA H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9*  /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@B Z &{CHHE  @HGSee @HG 5  @B@ @ @ U.S.C. @HG  @B@ @ @ 552a(a)(1) @O (1994) (A O[T]he term A MagencyA O means agency as defined in section 552(e) [now 552(f)] of this title.A O). Section 552(f)(1), in turn, defines A MagencyA L as: A O[A]ny executive department, military department, Government corporation, Government controlled corporation, or other establishment in the executive branch of the Government (including the Executive Office of the President), or any independent regulatory agency.A O 5  @B@ @ @ U.S.C. @H 552(f)(1)  @B@ @ @ (Supp. @H IV 1998). TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHA =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9*  /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@ B &HHE  @HGSee @HE  @Hinfra @H notes 185 @BP E- @H192 and accompanying text.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH A H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9*  /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@ B  &HHE  @HGSee @HG 5  @B@ @ @ U.S.C. @HG  @B@ @ @ 552a(e)(7) @H (1994).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH A H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9*  /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@ B{  &HHE @HFed. R. @B@ @ @ Evid.@HF 610.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd s;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH A H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* N"@ HA@D@C\@CHIt is well established that, pursuant to both the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses, the federal government must A Opursue a course of A OneutralityA O toward religion.F @CHG@CH In @CH Church of @CB@ @ @ Lukumi@CHE @CB@ @ @ Babalu@CH Aye, Inc. v. City of @CB@ @ @ Hialeah@CB@ @ @ E,@CHG@CH' the Supreme Court remarked as follows:@C\@CdPSpcF%SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW  &5 U5H@ B K Z &{CHH Board of HB@ @ @ Educ.HHG of HB@ @ @ KiryasHH Joel Village HB@ @ @ GSch.HHD HB@ @ @ Dist.HHG v. HB@ @ @ Grumet,HH 512 HB@ @ @ GU.S.HH/ 687, 696 (1994) (quoting Committee for Public HB@ @ @ Educ.HH & Religious Liberty v. HB@ @ @ Nyquist,HH 413 HB@ @ @ GU.S.HH 756, 792HBP D-HHݮ93 (1973)). It should be noted, however, that A OneutralityA O has been defined in many different ways; moreover, there is no general agreement as to whether such a doctrine is even mandated by the First Amendment.  @H See, e.g. @H , Douglas  @B@ @ @ Laycock, @HE  @HFormal, Substantive, and  @B@ @ @ Disaggregated @H Neutrality Toward Religion @H, 39  @B@ @ @ DePaul @H L. Rev. @H 993, 993 (1990) (A OA wide range of courts and commentators commonly say that government must be neutral toward religion. There are dissenters in both  @B@ @ @ directionsA Othose @H~ who think that government can support religion, and those who pursue separation to the point of hostility.A O); Michael W.  @B@ @ @ McConnell, @HE @H%Neutrality Under the Religion Clauses @H, 81  @B@ @ @ GNw. @H U. L. Rev. @H 146, 148 @BP E- @O49 (1986) (A OTo insist on strict neutrality in all cases arising under the religion clauses would be wholly inconsistent with the demands of free exercise . . . .A J) (A ONeutrality among religions . . . is a sound starting point for analyzing religious freedom issues. Neutrality is usually the course most consistent with religious liberty because, ideally, government action should leave untouched the preexisting religious mix in the community.A O); Geoffrey R. Stone, @HYThe Equal Access Controversy: The Religion Clauses and the Meaning of A ONeutrality,F  @H 81  @B@ @ @ GNw. @H U. L. Rev. @H9 168, 168 (1986) (A ONeutrality, however, is not a self @BP E- @Ha defining concept. Its meaning may vary depending on the context and nature of the issue.A K).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd  v;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH A =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9*  /%s8R8@@Story%W&5& U5H@ Bq  &HH 508 HB@ @ @ GU.S.HH 520 (1993).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd  s;8/;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH A H'=1j @@PE/H@EFnCellM9* "4#HHAT A@D@CdPSpcF%SEnd#R3"@JJ)HA@D@C\@COThe Free Exercise Clause, like the Establishment Clause, extends beyond facial discrimination. The Clause A Oforbids subtle departures from neutralityA L and A Ocovert suppression of particular religious beliefs.A O Official action that targets religious conduct for distinctive treatment cannot be shielded by mere compliance with the requirement of facial neutrality. The Free Exercise Clause protects against governmental hostility which is masked as well as overt.@CHG&@CdPSpcG PIdtF$SEnd %/4s8R08@@Story4W((&5&5 U5#H@B%(s &%HHE  @HGId. @H at 534 (citations omitted).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF-SEnd) &;/8>00;l!@@@PP0@E0H@BRowHA H=01/j @@PE>/H@EFnCellM%9* 3B#@ 8HA@D@CHYIn addition, in describing the substance of the A OneutralityA O doctrine, Professor @CB@ @ @ Laycock@CHi stated: A OWhen I say government should be neutral towards religion, I mean to include the claim that @CH0it should not express an opinion about religion.@CHN @CHG5@CH At @CB@ @ @ Waco,@CHl however, the government not only officially expressed its opinion regarding the theological beliefs of the @CB@ @ @ Davidians,@CH9 but acted on its prejudices with fatal consequences. @CdPSpcF SEnd 4/L%s8R?8@@StoryL%W77&55M& U53H@B47  &4HHD HB@ @ @ Laycock,HHE  @Hsupra @H$ note 13, at 997 (emphasis added). @HGCf. @H" County of Allegheny v. ACLU, 492  @B@ @ @ U.S. @H 573, 593 @BP E- @H94 (1989) (A OThe Establishment Clause, at the very least, prohibits government from appearing to take a position on questions of religious belief . . . .A K).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF<SEnd8 5;>8V/??;l!@@@PP0@E?0H@BRowHA H=?1>j @@PEV>H@EFnCellM49* BC3HHATA@D @C\@CHFA. @CHE @CH/ Hostility Towards Marginal Religious Movements@CdPSpcF SEndChB@ ^H A@D@C\@CHXPerhaps the best historical example of the federal governmentA Os open hostility to a @CB@ @ @ nonconventional@CHB religious group is that concerning the Church of Jesus Christ of @CB@ @ @ Latter@CB@ @"@ E-@CB@ @ @ GDay@CH Saints @CB@ @ @ @(A JLDSA N).@CH For example, in @CHReynolds v. United States@CHE,@CHGM@CHտ the Court upheld the constitutionality of a bigamy statute against a challenge that the provision violated the defendantA Os right to freely exercise his doctrinal duty to practice polygamy as counseled by the @CB@ @ @ GLDS@CH church.@CHG[@CH! In so ruling, the Court stated:@CdPSpcF SEnd L/Z4s8RW8@@StoryZ4WOO&5M[5 U5CH@BLOp  &LHHG 98 HB@ @ @ GU.S.HH 145 (1879).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFTSEndP v^M;V6d>WW;l!@@@PP0@EW?H@BRowHA =W1Vj @@PEdVH@EFnCellML9*  Z/kLs8Re8@@StorykLW]]&5[lM U5CH@BZ] &ZHHE  @HSee id. @H at 161 @BP E- @HD67.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFbSEnd^ Ps[;d8uVee;l!@@@PP0@EeWH@BRowHA H8=e1dj @@PEudH@EFnCellMZ9* hiC@J AT*\A@D@C\@CHLaws are made for the government of actions, and while they cannot interfere with mere religious belief and opinions, they may with practices.@CdPSpcG%PIdtF$SEndi4jhHHAT A@D@CdPSpcF%SEndjyi@ oHA@D@C\@C\@C\@COF. . . Can a man excuse his practices to the contrary because of his religious belief? To permit this would be to make the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the law of the land, and in effect to permit every citizen to become a law unto himself. Government could exist only in name under such circumstances.ć@CHGl@CdPSpcG PIdtF$SEnd k/zZs8Rv8@@StoryzZWnn&5l{[ U5jH@Bkn} &kHHE  @HGId. @H at 166 @BP E- @HD67.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFsSEndo l;u8dvv;l!@@@PP0@EveH@BRowHA HR=v1uj @@PEuH@EFnCellMk9* yj@ HA@D@CHSimilarly, in @CB@ @ @ Davis@CH v. @CB@ @ @ Beason@CB@ @ @ E,@CHG{@CHb the Court upheld the validity of an Idaho territorial statute prescribing an oath that prevented @CB@ @ @ GLDS@CHZ members from registering to vote because of the churchA Os teaching on plural marriage.@CHG@CHF @CdPSpcF SEnd z/ks8R8@@StorykW}}&5{l U5yH@Bz}!  &zHH 133 HB@ @ @ GU.S.HH 333 (1890),  @Hoverruled in part by @HE  @B@ @ @ Romer @H v.  @B@ @ @ Evans, @H 517  @B@ @ @ U.S. @H 620, 634 (1996).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd~ v{;6u;l!@@@PP0@EvH@BRowHA =1j @@PEH@EFnCellMz9*  /zs8R8@@StoryzW&5{ U5yH@B &HHE  @HSee id. @H at 341 @BP E- @HF48. TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ~s;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHA =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* 7y@ H A@D@C\@CHIn addition, in @CH(Late Corp. of Church of Jesus Christ of @CB@ @ @ Latter@CB@ @"@ E-@CB@ @ @ GDay@CH Saints v. United States@CHE,@CHG@CHY the Supreme Court confirmed the power of Congress not only to revoke the charter of the @CB@ @ @ GLDS@CH church, but to seize the @CB@ @ @ ElatterA Ms@CH property, as well.@CHG@CHf The CourtA Os open hostility to the religious beliefs of that A Ocontumacious organization,F @CHG@CH the @CB@ @ @ GLDS@CH/ church, is evident from the following passage:@CdPSpcF SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@Bo  &HH 136 HB@ @ @ GU.S.HH 1 (1890).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd v;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHA =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9*  /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@B &HHE  @HSee id. @H at 44 @BP E- @HD66.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHA =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9*  /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@B| &HHE  @HGId. @H at 63 @BP E- @HD64.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd s;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHA H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* 0@JJHA@D@C\@CHdBut it is . . . a matter of public notoriety, that the religious and charitable uses intended to be @CB@ @ @ subserved@CHB and promoted are the inculcation and spread of the doctrines and @CB@ @ @ usages@CH$ of the Mormon Church, or Church of @CB@ @ @ Latter@CB@ @"@ E-@CB@ @ @ GDay@CHH Saints, one of the distinguishing features of which is the practice of @CB@ @ @ GpolygamyA Ma@CH crime against the laws, and abhorrent to the sentiments and feelings of the civilized world. Notwithstanding the stringent laws which have been passed by @CB@ @ @ GCongressA Onotwithstanding@CH1 all the efforts made to suppress this barbarous @CB@ @ @ GpracticeF @CB@ @ @ Gthe@CH sect@CH< or community composing the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter@CBP E-@CO Day Saints perseveres, in defiance of law, in preaching, upholding, promoting and defending it. It is a matter of public notoriety that its emissaries are engaged in many countries in propagating this nefarious doctrine, and urging its converts to join the community in Utah. The existence of such a propaganda is a blot on our civilization. The organization of a community for the spread and practice of polygamy is, in a measure, a return to barbarism.@CHG@CdPSpcG PIdtF$SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@B &HHE  @HGId. @H at 48 @BP E- @H49 (emphasis added). TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHA H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* @ HA@D@CHܿAlthough this expression of condemnation was made more than a century ago, the CourtA Os pejorative use of the term A KsectA O is analogous to the manner in which the prejudicial label A KcultA O is affixed to @CB@ @ @ nonconventional@CO  religious movements today. In fact, one recent commentator has chastised the Court for its continued use of the discriminatory term A OsectarianA O as a synonym for A OreligiousA O and has described the CourtA Os practice as A Ojudicial A Ocussing.  @CHG@CHE @CdPSpcF SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@B@  &HH Richard A. HB@ @ @ Baer,HH Jr.,  @HEThe Supreme CourtA Os Discriminatory Use of the Term A OSectarian @HE, @HN  @HG 6  @B@ @ @ J.L. @HG &  @B@ @ @ Pol. @H 449, 462 (1990).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHA =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* @!JJHA@D@C\@CHhI ODeliberate persecutionA O based upon religious bigotry, such as that visited upon members of the Ă@CB@ @ @ GLDS@CH$ church, may no longer be prevalent,@CHG@CHK but that does not mean that hostility to marginal religions has decreased.@CHG@CH The military@CBP E-@CH=style actions conducted by the government against the Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidians,@CH) however, have again placed the issue of @CHovert@CHB religious persecution back on the front burner of public concern.@CHG@CdPSpcF SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@B  &HHE  @HCity of  @B@ @ @ Boerne @H v.  @B@ @ @ Flores, @H 521  @B@ @ @ U.S. @H 507, 530 (1997) (quoting  @HLReligious Freedom Restoration Act of 1991: Hearings on H.R. 2797 before the  @B@ @ @ Subcomm. @HG on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the House Comm. on the Judiciary @H, 102d  @B@ @ @ Cong. @H" 334 (1993) (statement of Douglas  @B@ @ @ Laycock)).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd v;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHA H8=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9*  /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@Bh Z &{CHHE  @H See, e.g. @H , Edward  @B@ @ @ McGlynn @HE  @B@ @ @ Gaffney, @H Jr.,  @H%Hostility to Religion, American Style @H, 42  @B@ @ @ DePaul @H L. Rev. @H 263, 274 @BP E- @HN93 (1992) (highlighting hostility to Muslims and Roman Catholics); Charles L.  @B@ @ @ Harper, @HE @HReflections on the @B@ @ @ Waco@H0 Disaster: Trying to Make Sense of Insane Events @HF, @HFin @HE  @H From the Ashes: Making Sense of  @B@ @ @ Waco @H 189, 192 @BP E- @H 93 (James R.  @B@ @ @ Lewis @O* ed., 1994) (A OWhile officially neutral about religious doctrine, the state in America has historically been involved in the most severe conflicts involving alternative and minority religions.A O) (citing contemporary instances concerning the Reverend Moon, the Church of Scientology, and the  @B@ @ @ Alamo @H Foundation).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;8 ;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHA H)=1j @@PE H@EFnCellM9*  /s8R 8@@StoryW&5 U5H@B  &HHE  @HGSee @H Lee Hancock,  @HyFRangersA O Report DoesnA Ot Resolve Questions About Gun Use on Last Day of Siege: FBI has said Casings Could be from  @B@ @ @ GATF @B@ @ @ E, @HE  @HDallas Morn. News @H, Sept. 13, 1999, at 1A; @HNew FBI @B@ @ @ Waco@H+ Evidence: Marshals Impound Tapes and Files @HF,  @H Chic. Sun @BP E- @HTimes @HϿ, Sept. 2, 1999, at 22 (discussing demands for new investigation following FBIA Os admission, after six years of denials, that agency fired A Oincendiary tear gas cartridgesA O during final assault on  @B@ @ @ Davidians).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF SEnd s; 6  ;l!@@@PP0@E H@BRowHA = 1 j @@PE H@EFnCellM9* ,@" "HA@D@C\@CH*Following the governmentA Os assault at @CB@ @ @ Waco,@CH the Justice Department assigned outside experts to provide recommendations for making improvements in future law enforcement operations.@CHG@CH+ In her published expert report, Nancy T. @CB@ @ @ Ammerman,@CH a religious scholar, listed the following characteristics of new religious movements that she concluded the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms @CB@ @ @ @(A KBATFA M)@CHN and the FBI should have taken into account in their assessment of the Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidians:@CH (1) such groups are often @CB@ @ @ I OmillennialistF @CMw or A Oapocalyptic;A O (2) they A Oalmost always provoke their neighborsA O by challenging the status quo and defying convention; (3) their commitments and family structure are often different than the norm; (4) the vast majority of their members join voluntarily; and (5) the charisma of their leaders is only maintainable as long as the members give their approval.@CHG@CHF @CdPSpcF SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@B  &HHE  @HGSee @HE  @B@ @ @ Moore @B@ @ @ E, @HE @Hsupra @H note 2, at 46.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd v";8( ;l!@@@PP0@E H@BRowHA H=1j @@PE(H@EFnCellM9*  /:s8R)8@@Story:W!!&5; U5H@B!]  &HH Nancy T. HB@ @ @ Ammerman,HHE  @HeReport to the Justice and Treasury Departments Regarding Law Enforcement Interaction with the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidians @H in  @B@ @ @ Waco, @H Texas @HF 5 @BP E- @HG8,  @HFin @HE  @B@ @ @ U.S. @HE  @B@ @ @ BDepA Mt @H of Justice @HF,  @HMRecommendations of Experts for Improvements in Federal Law Enforcement After  @B@ @ @ Waco @H (1993).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF&SEnd" s;(8D));l!@@@PP0@E)H@BRowHA H=)1(j @@PED(H@EFnCellM9* ,9@#J A@D@C\@COWhile these traits help to explain the persecution that dissident religions have suffered from society as a whole, they do not adequately account for the open hostility that such movements have received on occasion from the federal government. Rather, the singular characteristic that most inflames the state, and especially law enforcement, appears to be a religious groupA Os challenge to the governmentA Os authority. @CdPSpcF SEnd9t,@$ ZHA@D@C\@CH.For example, even though the Supreme Court in @CHLate Corp. of @CB@ @ @ GLDS@CH Church@CHp expressed its disgust for the practice of plural marriages, its ultimate decision in justifying the seizure of @CB@ @ @ GLDS@CH property seemed to rest upon the churchA Is A Oconstant[] attempt[] to oppose, thwart and subvert the legislation of Congress and the will of the government of the United States.F @CHG;@CH( Likewise, the day following the fatal @CB@ @ @ Waco@CH fire, Larry @CB@ @ @ Potts,@CH Assistant Director of the FBIA Os Criminal Investigation Division, remarked by way of justification: A OThese people had thumbed their noses at law enforcement.F @CHGI@CH߿ In fact, one writer has highlighted ideological rejection of the governmentA Is A Olegal authorityA O as a pivotal factor in the recent violent standoffs at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, in Philadelphia involving MOVE, and at @CB@ @ @ Waco.@CHGW@CHF @CdPSpcF SEnd :/Hs8RE8@@StoryHW==&5;I U59H@B:=  &:HHE  @HLate Corp. of  @B@ @ @ GLDS @H Church @H, 136  @B@ @ @ U.S. @H at 64.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFBSEnd> vL;;D6R(EE;l!@@@PP0@EE)H@BRowHA =E1Dj @@PERDH@EFnCellM:9*  H/V:s8RS8@@StoryV:WKK&5IW; U59H@ BHK  &HHHE @B@ @ @ Moore@B@ @ @ E,@HE @Hsupra @H note 2, at 2.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFPSEndL >ZI;R6pDSS;l!@@@PP0@ESEH@BRowH A =S1Rj @@PEpRH@EFnCellMH9*  V/uHs8Rq<@@StoryuHWYk&5WvI U59H@!BVY_ &{VCHH Steven B. HB@ @ @ Roosa,HH Note,  @HRules of Engagement for Armed Standoffs and the Last Full Measure of Devotion: Should Sedition Be a Factor in the Use of Deadly Force? @H, 28  @B@ @ @ Rutgers @HE  @B@ @ @ L.J. @H 229, 229 @BP E- @H 31 (1996). @dPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF^SEndZ LsW_KcYHL&L CVD @dPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFbSEndcg_HL &LgCVD @\ @\ @HIn each instance, the ideology of the religious/political group led its adherents to expressly deny the legal authority of the government. These standoffs place in bold relief the danger posed to the integrity of the criminal justice system when an  @B@ @ @ unstated @Hr criterion . . . appears to govern the use of deadly force against groups on the basis of their seditious beliefs. @dPIdtG$PBlt@@@@R#LPNumG4PTabFfSEndgKkcHL&L CVD @dPBlt@@@@R#LPNumG4PTabFjSEndkrgHL&L CVD@HGId. @H at 230 @BP E- @HE31. TPBlt@@@@R#LPNumG4PTabFnSEnd;p6Rqq;l!@@@PP0@EqSH@BRowH!A =q1pj @@PEpH@EFnCellMV9* !t9@% yHA@D@C\@CO%This perceived defiance may become particularly pronounced in cases involving religious groups because of their singular devotion to the commands of the Creator, often revealed through the interpretation of scripture. In the words of Saint Peter: A OWe ought to obey God rather than men.F @CHGv@CH @C\@CdPSpcF SEnd u/Vs8R8@@StoryVWxx&5vW U5tH@"Bux^ &uHHE  @HActs @HG 5:29.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF}SEndy v;6p;l!@@@PP0@EqH@BRowH"A =1j @@PEH@EFnCellMu9* "t@&J ATA@D @C\@CHGB.  @CHE @CH%GovernmentA Os Characterization of @CB@ @ @ Davidians@CHE as a A KCultF @CdPSpcF SEnd@' HA@D@C\@CHɈThe word A KcultA O has been defined alternatively as A Oa religion regarded as unorthodox or spuriousA N and a A Ogreat or excessive devotion or dedication to some person, idea, or thing.F @CHG@CH6 In popular usage, the term has A Othe sensational @CH connotation@CH of an authoritarian, mind@CBP E-@CH%controlling movement in which convert@CBP E-@CHvictims are mentally enslaved and can be made to perpetrate violence and crime as ordained by a charismatic prophet or guru.F @CHG@CdPSpcF SEnd /us8R8@@StoryuW&5v U5H@#B  &HHE @B@ @ @ FWebsterA Ms@HG Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged@H 552 (1981).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd v;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH#A =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* # /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@$Bm  &HH Thomas HB@ @ @ RobbinsHH & Dick Anthony,  @H6I MCults,A H A OMind Control,A O and the State @HF,  @HFin @HE  @H From the Ashes: Making Sense of  @B@ @ @ Waco @H 125, 126 (James R.  @B@ @ @ Lewis @H ed., 1994).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd s;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH$A H*=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* $,@( H A@D@C\@CHGInterestingly, more than a decade before the governmentA Os siege at @CB@ @ @ Waco,@CH the FBI ran a three@CBP E-@CHpart series in the @CHFBI Law Enforcement Bulletin@CHX entitled A OCults: A Conflict Between Religious Liberty and Involuntary Servitude?F @CHG@CHi The authors made a clear differentiation between A Oreligious organizationsA L and A LcultsA M:@CdPSpcF%SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@%B  &HHE  @HGSee @HE  @B@ @ @ Orlin @H D.  @B@ @ @ Lucksted @HG &  @B@ @ @ D.F. @HE  @B@ @ @ Martell, @HE  @HOCults: A Conflict Between Religious Liberty and Involuntary Servitude? (Part 1) @HF,  @HFBI Law Enforcement Bull. @H, Apr. 1982, at 16 @BP E- @H20 [hereinafter @H Cults pt. 1 @HG];  @B@ @ @ Orlin @H D.  @B@ @ @ Lucksted @HG &  @B@ @ @ D.F. @HE  @B@ @ @ Martell, @HE @HOCults: A Conflict Between Religious Liberty and Involuntary Servitude? (Part 2) @HF,  @HFBI Law Enforcement Bull. @H, May 1982, at 16 @BP E- @H23 [hereinafter @H Cults pt. 2 @HG];  @B@ @ @ Orlin @H D.  @B@ @ @ Lucksted @HG &  @B@ @ @ D.F. @HE  @B@ @ @ Martell, @HE @HOCults: A Conflict Between Religious Liberty and Involuntary Servitude? (Part 3) @HF,  @HFBI Law Enforcement Bull. @H, June 1982, at 16 @BP E- @HF21. TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH%A H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* %4H)HAT A@D@CdPSpcF%SEnd@* HA@D@C\@C\@C\@CO9Religious organizations are formed for the spiritual benefit of the entire membership. Other organizations have adopted a religious designation in order to fall under the protection of the first amendment, but are actually formed for the benefit of one person or a small group of people which are known as cults.@CHG@CdPSpcG PIdtF$SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@&B &HHE  @H Cults pt. 1 @HF,  @Hsupra  @Hnote 38, at 17.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH&A H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* &%@+JJHA@D@CHThis definition, however, is problematic because it leaves the critical distinction up to the discretion of the enforcement officer; moreover, the characterization is not just @CB@ @ @ GsemanticA Nit@CH may directly affect the manner in which the agency approaches the group in question. According to the authors, because cult members do not exhibit loyalty to a religious philosophy, cults have a A O[p]ropensity [t]oward [v]iolence and [l]awbreakingF @CHG@CH5 and often consider themselves A Oabove the law.F @CHG@CH: In addition, the authors warned that cults are prone to @CB@ @ @ I Oparamilitarism.F @CHG@CdPSpcF SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@'B &HHE  @H Cults pt. 2 @HF,  @Hsupra @H note 38, at 19.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd v;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH'A H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* ' /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@(B^ &HHE  @HGId. @H at 16.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH(A H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* ( /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@)B  &HHE  @HGId. @H at 20 (citing an instance in which a large number of guns and rounds of ammunition were found at a ranch under the control of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd s;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH)A H=1j @@P@CH@EFnCellM9* )>@,JJ4H A@D@C\@CHK A decade later, in a blatant departure from the neutrality doctrine, the @CB@ @ @ BATF@CH affidavit@CHG@CH& that was submitted in support of the @CB@ @ @ Waco@CHF warrant applications contained numerous derogatory references to the @CB@ @ @ Davidian@CH assembly as a A Lcult.F @CHG@CHF @CB@ @ @ BATF@CH Special Agent @CB@ @ @ Davy@CHE @CB@ @ @ GAguileraA Ms@CH9 affidavit also included extraneous material about David @CB@ @ @ EKoreshA Ms@CH religious beliefs.@CHG#@CH& For example, the affidavit iterated @CB@ @ @ EKoreshA Ms@CHC conviction that A Othe Bible gave him the right to bear arms.F @CHG1@CH^ It also contained the following passage in reference to an alleged conversation between Mr. @CB@ @ @ Koresh@CHI and Joyce Sparks, an employee of the Texas Department of Human Services:@CdPSpcF SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@*B  &HHE  @HSee  @H Affidavit of  @B@ @ @ Davy @HE  @B@ @ @ Aguilera, @HE  @B@ @ @ BATF @H7 Special Agent, Feb. 25, 1993 [hereinafter Affidavit],  @H reprinted in @HE  @HAActivities of Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Toward the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidians @H+ (Part 1): Joint Hearings Before the House  @B@ @ @ Subcomm. @H0 on Crime of the Comm. on the Judiciary and the  @B@ @ @ Subcomm. @H on  @B@ @ @ BNatA Ml @H Security,  @B@ @ @ BIntA Ml @H/ Affairs, and Criminal Justice of the Comm. on  @B@ @ @ BGovA Mt @H Reform and Oversight @H, 104th  @B@ @ @ Cong. @H 996 @BP E- @H1010 (1996) [hereinafter  @H.Activities of Federal Law Enforcement (Part 1) @HE]. TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd v;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH*A H=1Aj @@PC@H@EFnCellM9* * /"s8R<@@Story"W&5# U5H@+B   &{CHHE  @HGId. @H at 2, 3, 9, 10, 13,  @H;reprinted in Activities of Federal Law Enforcement (Part 1) @HF,  @Hsupra @H* note 43, at 997, 998, 1004, 1005, 1008.  @dPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF SEnd & KHL&L CD @dPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEndv HL &LUZCD @\ @H)This labeling activity [referring to the  @B@ @ @ Davidians @HOE as a A KcultA O] began with the original affidavit in which Special Agent  @B@ @ @ Davy @HE  @B@ @ @ Aguilera @H consistently used the  @B@ @ @ CtermA Onever @HV once affording the respect implied in a less stigmatic term like A MchurchA O or  @B@ @ @ I OreligionC  Oand @H continued unabated until the  @B@ @ @ Davidians @H went up in flames. @dPIdtG$PBlt@@@@R#LPNumG4PTabFSEndKHL&L CD @dPBlt@@@@R#LPNumG4PTabFSEnd@rHL &LgCD @H James R.  @B@ @ @ Lewis, @HE  @B@ @ @ Self @B@ @"@ E- @B@ @ @ Fulfilling @H Stereotypes, the  @B@ @ @ Anticult @H Movement, and the  @B@ @ @ Waco @H Confrontation @HF,  @HFin @HE  @HArmageddon in  @B@ @ @ Waco: @H% Critical Perspectives on the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidian @H Conflict @H 95, 100  @B@ @ @ (Stuart @H A.  @B@ @ @ Wright @HB ed., 1995). It is also noteworthy that, in predictable fashion,  @B@ @ @ Aguilera @H" repeatedly referred to the Mount  @B@ @ @ Carmel @HE Center as a A Ocompound,A O rather than as a A Nchurch.A N @H See, e.g. @H , Affidavit, @Hsupra @H note 43, at 8, 13, 15, @H;reprinted in Activities of Federal Law Enforcement (Part 1) @HF, @Hsupra @H note 43, at 1003, 1008, 1010. TPBlt@@@@R#LPNumG4PTabFSEnd;6,;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH+A =1j @@PE,H@EFnCellM9* + "/0s8R-8@@Story0W%%&5#1 U5H@,B"% X@ &{"CHHE  @HGSee @HE  @B@ @ @ Moore @B@ @ @ E, @HE @Hsupra @H note 2, at 56 @BP E- @Hf58 (noting that probable cause, in part, was predicated on religious and political beliefs); David B.  @B@ @ @ Kopel @H & Paul H.  @B@ @ @ Blackman, @HE @HThe Unwarranted Warrant: The @B@ @ @ Waco@H7 Search Warrant and the Decline of the Fourth Amendment @H, 18  @B@ @ @ Hamline @H J. Pub. L. &  @B@ @ @ BPolA My @H 1, 32 @BP E- @H#33 (1996) (describing inclusion of  @B@ @ @ EKoreshA Ms @H prophecy about  @B@ @ @ Waco @HC as A O[a]bsurdA O);  @B@ @ @ Rhys @H H. Williams, @HbBreaching the A OWall of SeparationA O: The Balance Between Religious Freedom and Social Order @HF, @HGin  @HArmageddon in  @B@ @ @ Waco: @H% Critical Perspectives on the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidian @H Conflict @H 299, 315  @B@ @ @ (Stuart @H A.  @B@ @ @ Wright @H} ed., 1995) (A O[T]he search warrant affidavit is filled with pejorative references to the A KcultA O and doubts as to  @B@ @ @ EKoreshA Ms @H religious sincerity.A K).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF*SEnd& 4#;,8:--;l!@@@PP0@E-H@BRowH,A H=-1,j @@PE:,H@EFnCellM"9* , 0/K"s8R;8@@StoryK"W33&51L# U5H@-B03 &0HH Affidavit,  @Hsupra @H note 43, at 15,  @H;reprinted in Activities of Federal Law Enforcement (Part 1) @HF,  @Hsupra @H note 43, at 1010.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF8SEnd4 &s1;:6a,;;;l!@@@PP0@E;-H@BRowH-A =;1:j @@PEa:H@EFnCellM09* ->e@- OHA@D@C\@CH+She said that during her conversation with @CB@ @ @ Koresh,@CHܜ he told her that he was the A OMessengerA O from God, that the world was coming to an end, and that when he A NrevealsA O himself the riots in Los Angeles would pale in comparison to what was going to happen in @CB@ @ @ Waco,@CH Texas. @CB@ @ @ Koresh@CHN stated that it would be a A Omilitary type operationA O and that all the @CB@ @ @ I Onon@CB@ @"@ E-@CB@ @ @ believersF @CH would have to suffer.@CHGL@CdPSpcG PIdtF$SEnd K/f0s8Rb<@@Storyf0WN\&5Lg1 U5>H@.BKNT &{KCHHE  @HGId. @H at 9,  @H;reprinted in Activities of Federal Law Enforcement (Part 1) @HF,  @Hsupra @HC note 43, at 1004. This conversation is most likely a fabrication: @dPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSSEndO LTKXNHL&L CKD @dPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFWSEndX\THL &LzCKD @\ @H"The affidavit attributes to David  @B@ @ @ Koresh @Hn a quotation by CPS caseworker Joyce Sparks to the effect that when his time came, it would make the riots in  @B@ @ @ L.A. @H'@ A Opale in comparison.A O Daniel  @B@ @ @ Wattenberg @H^ noted a difficulty in giving any credence to this statement, since the affidavit states that  @B@ @ @ ESparksA Ms @Hw visit occurred on April 6. The Treasury report tidies up this matter by clarifying that Sparks made another visit to  @B@ @ @ Koresh @H on April 30, 1992, which  @B@ @ @ Aguilera @HR forgot to include in the affidavit. Conveniently, April 30 is the day after the  @B@ @ @ L.A. @HB riots. Even with this tidier account, I am inclined to view the  @B@ @ @ Koresh @H" quotation as an invention . . . . @dPIdtG$PBlt@@@@R#LPNumG4PTabF[SEnd\grXHL &L 3CKD @HEdward  @B@ @ @ McGlynn @HE  @B@ @ @ Gaffney, @H Jr.,  @HThe  @B@ @ @ Waco @H9 Tragedy: Constitutional Concerns and Policy Perspectives @HF,  @HFin @HE  @HArmageddon in  @B@ @ @ Waco: @H% Critical Perspectives on the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidian @H Conflict @H 323, 336 @BP E- @HG37  @B@ @ @ (Stuart @H A.  @B@ @ @ Wright @H ed., 1995) (citations omitted).TPBlt@@@@R#LPNumG4PTabF_SEnd;a6p:bb;l!@@@PP0@Eb;H@BRowH.A =b1aj @@PEpaH@EFnCellMK9* .eat>@.JJjHA@D@CHIn addition, the @CB@ @ @ BATF@CH/ affidavit recounted the statement of a former @CB@ @ @ Waco@CHm member that A OHowell would preach his philosophy, which did not always coincide with the Bible . . . .F @CHGg@CdPSpcF SEnd f/uKs8Rq8@@StoryuKWii&5gvL U5eH@/Bfi &fHH Affidavit,  @Hsupra @H note 43, at 11,  @H;reprinted in Activities of Federal Law Enforcement (Part 1) @HF,  @Hsupra @H note 43, at 1006.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFnSEndj g;p8aqq;l!@@@PP0@EqbH@BRowH/A H=q1pj @@PEpH@EFnCellMf9* /tZe@/ HA@D@C\@CHrIn response to criticism that the affidavit was insufficient because it contained improper material regarding Mr. @CB@ @ @ EKoreshA Ms@CHƿ religious beliefs, as well as to complaints that federal authorities were A Ohostile towards religious interests,A O Ronald K. Noble, Treasury Under Secretary for Law Enforcement, claimed that @CB@ @ @ BATF@CH had grounds to fear that @CB@ @ @ Koresh@CH was prone to violence because, @CH inter alia@CHA, A Ohis rhetoric was threatening;A H A Ohis preaching concerned the approach of the apocalypse;A L and A Ohe had extraordinary control over his followers.F @CHGv@CW Noble concluded that, rather than proving a hostility towards religion, these factors demonstrated that A Olaw enforcement cannot afford to assume that unlawful activities are benign merely because they are associated with a religious belief . . . .F @CHG@CdPSpcF SEnd u/fs8R8@@StoryfWxx&5vg U5tH@0Bux}  &uHHM Prepared Statement of Ronald K. Noble, Under Secretary for Law Enforcement, HB@ @ @ BDepA LtHH of Treasury 11HBP D-HH12,  @H;reprinted in Activities of Federal Law Enforcement (Part 1) @HF,  @Hsupra @H note 43, at 824, 834 @BP E- @HD35.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF}SEndy vv;6p;l!@@@PP0@EqH@BRowH0A =1j @@PEH@EFnCellMu9* 0 /us8R8@@StoryuW&5v U5tH@1B &HHE  @HGId. @H at 12,  @H;reprinted in Activities of Federal Law Enforcement (Part 1) @HF,  @Hsupra @H note 43, at 835.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ys;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH1A =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* 1Bt@0 H A@D@C\@CHDNobleA Os contention that @CB@ @ @ BATF@CHG harbored no hostility towards the religious convictions of the Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidians,@CH- however, is directly belied by the official @CHTreasury Report@CHG@CH issued in connection with @CB@ @ @ CBATFA Ms@CH investigation of Mr. @CB@ @ @ Koresh.@CH- In fact, in its first paragraph alone, the @CHTreasury Report@CHO used the terms A KcultA L and A OCompoundA O no less than seven times.@CHG@CH More importantly, the @CHTreasury Report@CH" contained the following notation:@CdPSpcF%SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@2B  &HHE @B@ @ @ U.S.@HE @B@ @ @ BDepA Mt@H of Treasury@HF, @H Report of @B@ @ @ BDepA Mt@HJ of Treasury on Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Investigation of @B@ @ @ Vernon@HE @B@ @ @ Wayne@H Howell also known as David @B@ @ @ Koresh@H (Sept. 1993) [hereinafter @HTreasury Report@HC].TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd v;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH2A =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* 2 /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@3Ba &HHE  @HSee id. @HG at 1.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd s;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH3A =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* 34H1HAT A@D@CdPSpcF%SEnd@2J JHA@D@C\@C\@C\@CH The Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidian@CH movement was started by a number of Seventh Day Adventists who believed strongly in the prophecies of the book of Revelation. David @CB@ @ @ Koresh,@CH then named @CB@ @ @ Vernon@CHE @CB@ @ @ Wayne@CHf Howell, took over leadership of the group in 1987. The Compound residents were extremely devoted to @CB@ @ @ Koresh,@CHZ and many apparently believed that he was the lamb of God. In the course of this report, @CH8the Review has used the term A KcultA O to refer to @CB@ @ @ Koresh@CH and his followers@CHQ. The term is not intended and should not be taken as a reference to the Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidian@CH movement generally. @CHIThe Review is quite aware that A KcultA O has pejorative connotations@CH , and that @CB@ @ @ outsidersF @CB@ @ @ particularly@CH those in the @CB@ @ @ governmentA Oshould@CHW avoid casting aspersions on those whose religious beliefs are different from their own@CH. The definition of cult in @CB@ @ @ FWebsterA Ms@CH# Third New International Dictionary@CH (unabridged@CHɋ) includes: A Oa great or excessive devotion or dedication to some person, idea or thingA L and A Oa religion regarded as unorthodox or spurious.A O In light of the evidence of the conduct of @CB@ @ @ Koresh@CH+ and his followers set out in this report, @CH=the Review finds A KcultA O to be an apt characterization@CHE.@CHG@CdPSpcG PIdtF$SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@4B &HHE  @HGId. @H; at 1 n.2 (first, second, third, and fifth emphasis added).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH4A H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* 4@3 HA@D@CH[This passage makes clear that the Treasury DepartmentA Os derision of the beliefs of the @CB@ @ @ Waco@CH Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidians@CH was intentional. Unfortunately, even the congressional committee investigating the Texas siege fell into the trap of using the term A KcultA O in describing the subject matter of its April 28, 1993 hearing: A OEvents Surrounding the Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidian@CH Cult Standoff in @CB@ @ @ Waco,@CH F Texas.F @CHG@CdPSpcF SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@5B  &HHE  @HEvents Surrounding the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidian @H Cult Standoff in  @B@ @ @ Waco, @H7 Texas: Hearing Before the House Comm. on the Judiciary @H, 103d  @B@ @ @ Cong. @H (1995) [hereinafter  @HEvents Surrounding  @B@ @ @ Davidian @H Standoff @HC].TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH5A H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* 5D@4 H A@D@C\@CHp Finally, several writers have alluded to a more malevolent motive behind law enforcementA Os branding of the @CB@ @ @ Davidians@CHE as a A Lcult.F @CHG@CH One author boldly asserted:@CdPSpcF%SEnd /s8R<@@StoryW&5 U5H@6B &{CHH, The invidious course of action ascribed to HB@ @ @ GBATFHH and the FBI by these writers,  @HGsee @HE  @Hinfra @H notes 56 @BP E- @H57 and accompanying text, is consistent with concerns voiced about the rapid militarization of law enforcement and the concomitant erosion of the federal Posse Comitatus Act.  @HGSee @H 18  @B@ @ @ U.S.C. @HV 1385 (1994). For a detailed discussion of this issue in the context of the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidian @H conflict, see David B.  @B@ @ @ Kopel @H & Paul M.  @B@ @ @ Blackman, @HE  @H%Can Soldiers Be Peace Officers? The  @B@ @ @ Waco @H< Disaster and the Militarization of American Law Enforcement @H, 30  @H Akron L. Rev. @H 619 (1997).  @dPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd s@J &{D @\ @H%In this regard, it was reported that  @B@ @ @ BATF @H* fabricated stories of the existence of a  @B@ @ @ methamphetamine @H lab at the Mount  @B@ @ @ Carmel @H Center in order to gain access to Texas National Guard helicopters and to receive training from Army Special Forces Green Berets in the art of killing, A Oroom @BP E- @Hclearing, fire @BP E- @HGand @BP E- @H{maneuver, and building takedown . . . [and] subjects Special Forces are forbidden to teach civilian law enforcement.A N  @B@ @ @ Moore @B@ @ @ E, @HE @Hsupra @H note 2, at 99 @BP E- @H103 (quoting James L. Pate, @HSpecial Forces Involved in @B@ @ @ Waco@H Raid! @HF,  @HSoldier of Fortune @H, May 1994, at 35 @BP E- @HE36).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH6A =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* 6:@5J AT A@D@CdPSpcF%SEnd@6 HA@D@C\@C\@C\@CH!The FBI wasnA Ot attempting to @CHdefuse@CH the situation that the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms provoked in February. No. The Agency was trying something out, on people they had reason to think no one would give a damn @CB@ @ @ DaboutA Ojust@CH9E some A Lcult.A O It had less to do with the Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidians@CHB and more to do with establishing what kinds of direct action the @CB@ @ @ U.S.@CH{ government and its agencies could get away with once a group had been identified as A OextremistA M or a A Lcult.F @CHG@CdPSpcG PIdtF$SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@7Bs  &HHD HB@ @ @ PhyllisHHD HB@ @ @ Goldberg,HHE  @H FBI Uses A LCultsA O as BaitĂ @HF,  @HFin @HE  @H From the Ashes: Making Sense of  @B@ @ @ Waco @H 229, @H 232 (James R.  @B@ @ @ Lewis @H ed., 1994).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;8 ;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH7A H=1j @@PE H@EFnCellM9* 7,@7 "HA@D@CHSimilarly, Professor @CB@ @ @ Gaffney@CH; pointed to a A Omore sinisterA O rationale underlying @CB@ @ @ CBATFA Ms@CH massive assault upon the @CB@ @ @ Davidians,@CH namely, A Othat the @CB@ @ @ BATF@CH was happy to go after @CB@ @ @ Koresh@CH\ and his community precisely because they were so vulnerable as religious A Ocrazies.  @CHG@CH8 Other explanations for the lack of proportionality in @CB@ @ @ CBATFA Ms@CH initial confrontation with the @CB@ @ @ Davidians@CH include @CB@ @ @ CBATFA Ms@CH desire to create a sensational raid in an attempt to both repair its tarnished image and avoid impending budget cuts by the Senate Appropriations subcommittee,@CHG@CH& as well as to exact revenge upon Mr. @CB@ @ @ Koresh@CH for his characterization of @CB@ @ @ BATF@CHF as an A Oevil agency.F @CHG@CHF @CdPSpcF SEnd /s8R 8@@StoryW&5 U5H@8B  &HHD HB@ @ @ Gaffney,HHE  @Hsupra @H note 47, at 335.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF SEnd v; 6  ;l!@@@PP0@E H@BRowH8A = 1 j @@PE H@EFnCellM9* 8 /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@9B,  &HHE  @HGSee @HE  @B@ @ @ Moore @B@ @ @ E, @HE @Hsupra @H note 2, at 89 @BP E- @H90;  @B@ @ @ Gaffney, @HE @Hsupra @H note 47, at 335.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ";8( ;l!@@@PP0@E H@BRowH9A H=1j @@PE(H@EFnCellM9* 9 /0s8R)8@@Story0W!!&51 U5H@:B!h Z &{CHHE  @B@ @ @ Gaffney, @HE  @Hsupra @H note 47, at 335 (quoting  @HTreasury Report @HF, @Hsupra @HH note 51, at 35). This rationale is further supported by Special Agent  @B@ @ @ GAguileraA Ms @HL inclusion in his warrant application affidavit of an incident in which Mr.  @B@ @ @ Koresh @H* played a video tape for undercover agent  @B@ @ @ Rodriguez @HE that A Oportrayed  @B@ @ @ GATF @H[ as an agency who violated the rights of Guns Owners by threats and lies.A O Affidavit, @Hsupra @H note 43, at 15, @H reprinted in @HE @H.Activities of Federal Law Enforcement (Part 1) @HF, @Hsupra @H note 43, at 1010.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF&SEnd" s;(8:));l!@@@PP0@E)H@BRowH:A H=)1(j @@PE:(H@EFnCellM9* :,i-@8J ATpmA@D@C\@CHQ In short, regardless of the particular motivation(s) underlying the actions of @CB@ @ @ BATF@CH and the FBI at @CB@ @ @ Waco,@CHA law enforcementA Os conduct in officially labeling the Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidians@CHE as a A KcultA O and in using this derisive designation to obtain warrants and to impugn the sincerity and rationality of the groupA Os religious beliefs violated the neutrality doctrine contained in the First Amendment.@CdPSpcF SEnd-4.,H9HAT*\A@D@CdPSpcF SEnd./-H:HATA@D @C\@CHFC. @CHE @CH$ GovernmentA Os Reliance Upon Anti@CBP E-@CHReligious A OCult ExpertsF @CdPSpcF SEnd/^.@; PHA@D@C\@CHIIn her recommendation to the Justice and Treasury Departments, Professor @CB@ @ @ Ammerman@CHW highlighted the critical fact that, prior to its A Odynamic entryA O at the Mount @CB@ @ @ Carmel@CH Center, @CB@ @ @ BATF@CH failed to consult with any outside authority in the area of A Oreligious studies, sociology of religion, or psychology of religion.F @CHG1@CH Similarly, she pointed out that the FBI failed to confer with a single recognized expert who was familiar with marginal religious movements.@CHG?@CH[ Instead, both these law enforcement bureaus were guided by the rhetoric of such A Oanti@CBP E-@CH5CcultA O organizations as the Cult Awareness Network@CHGM@CHA (A JCANA O): @CdPSpcF SEnd 0/>s8R;8@@Story>W33&51? U5/H@;B03  &0HHD HB@ @ @ Ammerman,HHE  @Hsupra @H note 31, at 1.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF8SEnd4 vB1;:8H(;;;l!@@@PP0@E;)H@BRowH;A H =;1:j @@PEH:H@EFnCellM09* ; >/L0s8RI8@@StoryL0WAA&5?M1 U5/H@Aa &>HHE  @HSee id. @HG at 2.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFFSEndB 4P?;H6Z:II;l!@@@PP0@EI;H@BRowH9* < L/f>s8R[<@@Storyf>WOU&5Mg? U5/H@=BLOU &{LCHHf According to one author, CAN A Oactively urges the press and law enforcement to act against any nonHBP D-HHmainstream religious, psychological, or even political movement which it describes as a A Lcult.A O . . . CAN accuses such groups of sharing similar patterns of mind control, group domination, exploitation and physical and mental abuse.A N @B@ @ @ Moore@B@ @ @ E,@HE @Hsupra @H note 2, at 44. @HCompare @H# Prepared Statements of Herbert L.  @B@ @ @ Rosedale, @H' President, American Family Foundation  @B@ @ @ (AFF) @H and William  @B@ @ @ Rehling, @HR President, Cult Awareness Network (CAN) [hereinafter Prepared Statement of CAN], @H;reprinted in Activities of Federal Law Enforcement (Part 1) @HF, @Hsupra @H note 43, at 248 @BP E- @H57, @Hwith @HE  @HFreedom Magazine @HF,  @H3The Cult Awareness Network: Anatomy of a Hate Group @HE  @B@ @ @ (n.d.) @H [hereinafter  @HCAN: Anatomy of Hate Group @HF]. @dPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFTSEndP BsMUsO@J &{LD @HE  @\ @HCAN has since declared bankruptcy and A Oits name and assets were purchased by a consortium of religious groups . . . intent upon reversing  @B@ @ @ BCANA Ms @H7 previous campaign of prejudice and intolerance.A N @B@ @ @ U.S.@H9 Court of Appeals Hands Down Landmark Civil Rights Ruling @HF,  @HFreedom @H, July 1998, at 4, 5. @HGSee @HE  @B@ @ @ % @H (visited May 13, 2000); @Hsee also @H Scott v.  @B@ @ @ Ross, @H 140  @B@ @ @ F.3d @H 1275, 1280 (9th  @B@ @ @ Cir.) @Hg (affirming one million dollar punitive damage award against old CAN in A OdeprogrammingA O case), Ă@B@ @ @ BrehA Mg@H en banc denied @H, 151  @B@ @ @ F.3d @H 1247 (9th  @B@ @ @ Cir. @H 1998).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFXSEnd;Z6pH[[;l!@@@PP0@E[IH@BRowH=A =[1Zj @@PEpZH@EFnCellML9* =^Pt/@Bfi  &fHH James E. Wood, Jr.,  @H The Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidian @H Standoff: An American Tragedy @H, 35  @HJ. Church & St. @H 233, 238 (1993).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFnSEndj g;p6Zqq;l!@@@PP0@Eq[H@BRowH>A =q1pj @@PEpH@EFnCellMf9* >tu^H=H AT*\A@D@C\@CHIn her report, Professor @CB@ @ @ Ammerman@CH1 referred specifically to CAN and its associates:@CdPSpcF SEndut@> zHA@D@C\@C\@C\@CH4In their attempt to build a case against the Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidians,@CHE @CB@ @ @ BATF@CH did interview persons who were former members of the group and at least one person who had A OdeprogrammedA O a group member. Mr. Rick @CB@ @ @ Ross,@CH who often works in conjunction with the Cult Awareness Network (CAN), has been quoted as saying that he was A OconsultedA O by the Ă@CB@ @ @ BATF.@CH . . . The Network and Mr. @CB@ @ @ Ross@CHڿ have a direct ideological (and financial) interest in arousing suspicion and antagonism against what they call A Mcults.A O These same persons seem to have been major sources for the series of stories run by the @CB@ @ @ Waco@CHS newspaper, beginning February 27. It seems clear that people within the A Oanti@CBP E-@CH,CcultA O community had targeted the Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidians@CH for attention.@CHGw@CdPSpcG PIdtF$SEnd v/fs8R8@@StoryfWyy&5wg U5uH@?Bvy  &vHHD HB@ @ @ Ammerman,HHE  @Hsupra @H note 31, at 1.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF~SEndz w;8p;l!@@@PP0@EqH@BRowH?A H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellMv9* ?u@?J#JHA@D@CH Professor @CB@ @ @ Ammerman@CH further noted that @CB@ @ @ Ross@CH@ A Oapparently had the most extensive access to both agencies of any person on the A Ocult expertA O list and was listened to more attentively. The @CB@ @ @ BATF@CH interviewed the persons he directed them to and evidently used information from those interviews in planning their February 28 raid.F @CHG@CH' In particular, in the summer of 1992 @CB@ @ @ Ross@CH+D had A OdeprogrammedA O David Block, a @CB@ @ @ Davidian,@CH at the home of @CB@ @ @ Priscilla@CHE @CB@ @ @ Coates,@CHE @CB@ @ @ BCANA Ms@CH former national director.@CHG@CHk Significantly, it was Block that provided the majority of information about weapons that appeared in the @CB@ @ @ Aguilera@CHB affidavit submitted in support of the search and arrest warrants.@CHG@CHE @CdPSpcF SEnd /vs8R8@@StoryvW&5w U5H@@B  &HH Nancy T. HB@ @ @ Ammerman,HHE  @B@ @ @ Waco, @H2 Federal Law Enforcement, and Scholars of Religion @HF,  @HFin @HE  @HArmageddon in  @B@ @ @ Waco: @H% Critical Perspectives on the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidian @H Conflict @H 282, 289  @B@ @ @ (Stuart @H A.  @B@ @ @ Wright @H ed., 1995). TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd v;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowH@A =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* @ /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@AB  &HHE  @HGSee @HE  @B@ @ @ Stuart @H A.  @B@ @ @ Wright, @HE  @HiConstruction and Escalation of a Cult Threat: Dissecting Moral Panic and Official Reaction to the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidians @B@ @ @ E, @HE  @HFin @HE  @HArmageddon in  @B@ @ @ Waco: @H% Critical Perspectives on the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidian @H Conflict @H 75, 88 @BP E- @HG89  @B@ @ @ (Stuart @H A.  @B@ @ @ Wright @H ed., 1995); @HFanning the Fires at @B@ @ @ Waco:@H Deprogrammer Rick @B@ @ @ Ross @B@ @ @ E, @HE  @HFreedom @H$, Jan. 1995, at 14, 14 [hereinafter @HFanning the Fires @HC].TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHAA H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* A /s8R<@@StoryW&5 U5H@BB &{CHHE  @HGSee @HE  @B@ @ @ Wright, @HE  @Hsupra @H͐ note 66, at 89 (A OAccording to the Treasury report, much of the information about the weapons A Owas based almost exclusively on the statement of one former cult member, David Block.C  O (quoting  @HTreasury Report @HF, @Hsupra @H note 51, at 143)); Andrew  @B@ @ @ Milne, @HE @H,The Cult Awareness Network: Its Role in the @B@ @ @ Waco@H Tragedy @HF, @HFin @HE  @H From the Ashes: Making Sense of  @B@ @ @ Waco @H 137, 138 (James R.  @B@ @ @ Lewis @H ed., 1994). @dPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd sKHL&L CD @dPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEndHL &LۣtCD @\ @\ @H#Block was later interviewed by the  @B@ @ @ ATF. @HU The information he supplied concerning firearms allegedly stockpiled by the Branch  @B@ @ @ Davidians @H( was included in the search warrant the  @B@ @ @ GATF @H drew up to authorize the February 28 raid that precipitated the tragedy. BlockA Os information contributed to the decision by the  @B@ @ @ GATF @H7 to storm the compound instead of negotiating with the  @B@ @ @ Davidians. @H!F BlockA Os description of the  @B@ @ @ Davidians @H7 is bound to have been influenced by his deprogramming. @dPIdtG$PBlt@@@@R#LPNumG4PTabFSEndKHL&L CD @dPBlt@@@@R#LPNumG4PTabFSEndrHL &L CD @B@ @ @ Milne, @HE @Hsupra @H , at 138. TPBlt@@@@R#LPNumG4PTabFSEnd;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHBA =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* B@@J(JHA@D@C\@CHIn addition, it was @CB@ @ @ Ross@CH( who fueled the fire against the Branch @CB@ @ @ Davidians@CH' with his inflammatory comments to the @CB@ @ @ Waco@CH Tribune@CBP E-@CHHerald@CH that appeared in the newspaperA Is A OThe Sinful MessiahA O series: A OThe group is without a doubt, without any doubt whatsoever, a highly destructive, manipulative cult . . . I would liken the group to Jim Jones.F @CHG@CH According to @CB@ @ @ Ross,@CHE @CB@ @ @ Koresh@CH$ was also A Oprone to violence.F @CHG@CHH Similarly, less than two weeks before the April 19th holocaust of the @CB@ @ @ Davidians,@CH CAN President @CB@ @ @ Patricia@CH Ryan told @CHThe Houston Chronicle@CHEE that A O[o]fficials should use whatever means necessary to arrest @CB@ @ @ Koresh@CH . . . @CHincluding lethal force@CH@.F @CHG@CdPSpcF SEnd /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@CB  &HHE @B@ @ @ Moore@B@ @ @ E,@HE @Hsupra @H note 2, at 45 @BP E- @H 46 (quoting  @B@ @ @ Darlene @H McCormick & Mark England, @HExperts: Branch @B@ @ @ Davidians@H Dangerous, Destructive Cult @HF,  @B@ @ @ Waco @HE  @B@ @ @ Trib. @B@ @"@ E- @B@ @ @ Herald @B@ @ @ E, @H Mar. 1, 1993, at 7A).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd v;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHCA =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* C /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@DB^ &HHE  @HGId. @H at 46.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd ;6;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHDA =1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* D /s8R8@@StoryW&5 U5H@EB3  &HH James HB@ @ @ PinkertonHH & Laura E. HB@ @ @ Keeton,HHE  @H4Infiltrating Cult Will End Standoff, Expert Suggests @HF,  @HHouston Chronicle @H', Apr. 9, 1993, at A1 (emphasis added).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd s;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHEA H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* Ev&@A HA@D@C\@CH[It is this type of volatile rhetoric that led to harsh criticism of the role that such self@CBP E-@CH1 proclaimed A Ocult expertsA O played in the @CB@ @ @ Davidian@CH conflict.@CHG@CH" For example, one writer stated: @CB@ @ @ I JCANA Ms@CH picture of the @CB@ @ @ Davidians@CH as an assortment of brainwashed robots is probably the reason the government, instead of calling upon respected and qualified religious scholars to mediate with @CB@ @ @ Koresh,@CH: decided to invade the compound with armored vehicles and @CB@ @ @ Gteargas.F @CHG @CH Likewise, Professor J. @CB@ @ @ Gordon@CHE @CB@ @ @ Melton@CH& concluded: A OIn the end, like the @CB@ @ @ BATF,@CH the FBI listened to the anti@CBP E-@CH/ cult critics and accepted the adequacy of anti@CBP E-@CHcult rhetoric. And at this point the Cult Awareness Network and its spokespersons become morally, if not criminally, responsible for what eventually occurred.F @CHG@CHE @CdPSpcF SEnd / s8R8@@Story W&5  U5H@FB2 &HHE  @H See, e.g. @HF,  @HFanning the Fires @HF,  @Hsupra @H note 66, at 16 (A O[T]oo little attention was given to the role played by CAN in bringing about that assault, and its fatal consequences.A K).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd v;8;l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHFA H=1j @@PEH@EFnCellM9* F  /s8R8@@StoryW  &5  U5H@GB    & HHD HB@ @ @ Milne,HHE  @Hsupra @H note 67, at 139.TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabFSEnd G ;8";l!@@@PP0@EH@BRowHGA H=1j @@PE"H@EFnCellM 9* G /' s8R#8@@Story' W&5(  U5H@HBX  &HHG J. HB@ @ @ GordonHHD HB@ @ @ Melton,HHE  @HA Fiery Ending @HF,  @HFin @HE  @H From the Ashes: Making Sense of  @B@ @ @ Waco @H 253, 259 (James R.  @B@ @ @ Lewis @H ed., 1994).TPNumG4PBlt@@@@R#LPTabF SEnd s;"61##;l!@@@PP0@E#H@BRowHHA =#1"j @@PE1"H@EFnCellM9* H&Lq@BJ-JGHA@D@C\@CHQWhatever the culpability of CAN and its affiliate deprogrammers in regard to the @CB@ @ @ Waco@CH^ tragedy, the fact still remains that federal law enforcement chose to rely upon the A Oanti@CBP E-@CHCcultA O community@CHG(@CHv rather than to consult with any recognized religious scholars. This anomalous situation was emphasized by Professor @CB@ @ @ Ammerman@CH in her report,@CHG6@CH while Lawrence E. @CB@ @ @ Sullivan,@CH another expert chosen to offer his recommendations, denounced the governmentA Os failure to seek the advice of established religious experts.@CHGD@CdPSpcF SEnd '/5s8R28@@Story5W**&5(6 U5&H@IB'* Z0 &{'CHH In its  @HReport @H, the Department of Justice claimed that A O[t]he FBI did not solicit advice from any A Ocult expertsA K or A Ocult deprogrammers.C  N  @B@ @ @ U.S. @HE  @B@ @ @ BDepA Mt @H of Justice @HF,  @H7Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at  @B@ @ @ Waco, @H' Texas, February 28 to April 19, 1993,  @H4at 190 (Oct. 1993) (redacted version) [hereinafter  @HJustice  @B@ @ @ BDepA Mt @H Report @H-]. In a letter dated October 25, 1993, Rick  @B@ @ @ Ross @H9 asserted that this statement by the FBI was incorrect. @